怎么瘦手Lecture Five: Roman Culture
5.1. Brief History of Roman Culture
Ancient Roman often refers to the ancient civilization appeared in the middle of Italian peninsula in the beginning of the 9th century B.C., going through Roman Kingdom (罗马王政时代)，Roman Republic(罗马共和国) and Roman Empire（罗马帝国），厦大录取分数线which ro to be the most powerful empire by the first century who territory stretching over Europe, Asia and Africa，dominating the Mediterranean. But by 395，Roman Empire was split into Eastern Roman Empire and Western Roman Empire. The Western Roman Empire ended up in 476, while the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium 拜占庭帝国)was wiped out by Ottoman Empire in 1453.（奥斯曼帝国，it was a Turkish state founded by Osman(奥斯曼一世)。 It was in the middle of Asia in the beginning but expanded its territory to Asian Minor. In 1453 it wiped out Eastern Roman Empire and t its capital in Istanbul ( 伊斯坦布尔). In its heyday its territory stretched over Europe, Asia and Africa three continents，including Balkan peninsula, Asian Minor peninsula , the entire Middle East and most of Africa. By 17t
h century it stated to be on the wane, with its territory being encroached by the Tsarist Russia(沙皇俄国) and Britain and France. After the first World War, it only kept the headquarters of Turkey. In 1922, Ottoman Empire was overthrown completely）.
5.2. Roman Kingdom （753B.C.—509 B.C.罗马王政时代，又称罗马王国）
In the middle of the 8th century B.C., the Romans (Romulus and Remus罗莫路和勒莫) established the city-state of Rome in the middle of Latium plain (拉丁姆平原)in the downstream of Tiber River(台伯河) over the Italian peninsula. Its polity was then a traditional Monarchy.
5.3.The Roman Republic 生命快车(509__27 B.C.罗马共和国)
After having demolished the Roman Kingdom, the Roman Republic began in 509 B.C., and lasted until 27 B.C., when Octavian (屋大维/奥古斯都Augustus ) became in effect the first Roman emperor. For the next 500 years, Rome would be governed by emperors. The Roman Republic was in esnce ruled by the Roman aristocrats.
5.4.Roman Empire (27 B.C.---395 A.D.)
In 264 B.C., when the Roman Republic had established dominion over the Italian peninsula, there were four other great powers in the Mediterranean world_____ Carthage（迦太基，one of the ancient African countries, lies in what is today called Tunis, wiped out in 146B.C. by Roman Empire）, Macedonia（马其顿，one ancient state in Balkan Peninsula）, Egypt, and Syria. By 146 B.C., Rome had emerged victorious over the other powers and by 30 B.C., they were all Roman provinces.
In the chaotic years following Julius Caesar’s assassination in 44 B.C., the rising military powerful general Octavian usurped the highest state power after having put an end to Roman civil wars for decades. And by 27 B.C., he was entitled as Augustus by the Senate(元老院), which is historically regarded as the token of the period of Roman Empire. Although eager for political power, Augustus was by no means a lf-eking tyrant, he was a creating statesman who prevented the renewal of civil war that had plagued the Republic and introduced needed reforms in Italy and the provinces. His long
reign, from 27 B.C. to A.D.14 marks the beginning of the Pax Romana (罗马帝国统治下的太平盛世), the Roman Peace, which endured until A.D. 180. In terms of political system, it was the principate(元首制大鹏湾),created by Augustus, but in esnce the former monarchy.
5.5. Pax Romana (27B.C.__A.D. 180)
The period of Pax Romana was one of the finest in the ancient world. Revolts against Roman rule were few, and Roman legions ably defended the Empire’s borders. The Mediterranean world had never enjoyed so many years of peace, effective government, and economic well-being. Stretching from Britain to the Arabian Dert and from the Danube River(多瑙河) to the sands of Sahara, the Roman Empire united some venty million people. The same law bound together Italians, Spaniards, North Africans, Greeks , Syrians, and other peoples. Although dissatisfaction was sometimes violently expresd and paratist tendency persisted, people from diver backgrounds viewed themlves as Romans even though they had never t foot in the capital.红烧鱼头做法
5.6. The Influence of Roman Culture on Western Civilization.
5.6.1. Language
From Latin, the Roman language ,came the Romance languages(罗曼斯语，从拉丁语演变而成。) for many European states: French, Italian, Spanish, Portugue, and Romania.
5.6.2. Literature
Latin pro headed by Caesar ( He wrote Commentary on Gallic War,《高卢之战》) and Cicero, and Roman poetry reprented by Virgil(维吉尔), Horace（贺拉斯）, and Ovid（奥维德）have become the literary object of imitation by variety of European men of letters for later generations , and the rearch focus of the literature field..
5.6.3.Law
Roman law and nomology乌奴 (法理学认识时间教案>什么时间喝酸奶最好) became the basis of legal codes for most European states, which influenced the world tremendously as well , which was one of the greatest contributions Roman culture made for the world. The earliest law made by Romans was The Law of Twelve Tables.(《十二铜表法》) in 450 B.C. During the reign of Eastern Rom
an Empire in the 6th century A.D. the emperor Justinian complied the code on Roman law, called Corpus Juris Civilius(查士丁尼民法大全) in Byzantine, which was the focus of the Roman law, it deeply influenced the world law hereafter, particularly in Continental Law System(大陆法系) and Anglo-American Law System（英美法系）.
