课程目标： 口号疫情修习本课后, 学生应可
1. 指出人体的动作平面、动作轴心、
2. 使用人体动作学的词汇描述动作
3. 了解位移、速度、加速度间的相关性，及对动作的意义
4. 分辨直线运动与角动运动间的差别及人体动作之归属
Readings:
Orientation of the Body
身体的方位
教导主任工作总结
A. Reference planes of the body
1. definition: to describe planes of human motion in the context of a person standing in the anatomical position
A.人体的面
1.定义：基于解剖学姿势下描述人体运动的平面。
| Location 位置 | bicting the body into 将身体分为 |
sagittal plane (median plane) 矢状面 | vertically from front to back 与地面垂直由前向后 | right/ left 右/左 |
frontal plane (coronal plane)额状面 | vertically from side to side 与地面垂直从一边到另一边 | anterior/ posterior 前/后 |
transver plane (horizontal plane) 水平面 | horizontal to the body 身体的水平面 | upper/ lower 上/下 |
| 单人独马>女排精神演讲稿 | |
2. cardinal plane: the plane where the center of mass (COM) pass through when an individual stands in the anatomic position
基本平面: 当个人站在解剖位置时其重心穿过的面
B. Axes of rotation旋转轴
1. definition: the pivot point for an angular motion, usually located through the convex member of the joint
角运动的轴心，通常通过关节凸面。
1. 定义:
| Direction 指向 | perpendicular to 垂直于 |
sagittal axis (anteroposterior axis) 矢状轴（前后轴） | horizontally from front to back 水平由前向后 | frontal plane 额状面 |
frontal axis (transver axis) 额状轴（横轴） | horizontally from side to side 水平从一边到另一边 | sagittal plane 矢状面 |
vertical axis垂直轴 | perpendicular to the ground 垂直于地面 | transver plane 水平面 |
| | |
2. Although the three orthogonal axes are depicted as stationary, in reality, each axis of all joints in human body migrates throughout the range of motion becau the articular surfaces of the joint are not reciprocally shaped as a perfect sphere
2.尽管这三条互相垂直的轴是固定的，事实上，因为人体的关节面不是真正的球面，所以在关节运动中所有关节的轴都会发生变化。
真正球面关节轴是固定的 非球面关节在运动过程中轴是变化的
3. longitudinal axis: axis that extends within and parallel to a long bone or body gment
纵轴：从长骨或身体部位内部穿过，并与之平行的轴。
Description of Human Motion
人体运动的描述
A. Description of body gments
1. upper extremity (arm): upper arm + forearm + hand
2. lower extremity (leg): thigh + low leg + foot
3. trunk: chest and upper back + abdomen and low back
4. head and neck
A.身体部位的描述
1.上肢:英国发展史上臂+前臂+手
2．下肢：大腿+小腿+脚部
3.躯干：胸部和上背部+腹部和腰部
4.头和颈部
B. Description of motion direction
1. anterior vs. posterior
-- front vs. back
-- forward vs. backward
2. medial vs. lateral
-- left vs. right
-- toward vs. away
-- inward vs. outward
3. superior vs. inferior
-- upper vs. lower
-- cranial vs. caudal
-- top vs. bottom
-- proximal vs. distal
B.运动方向
1。前ＶＳ后
腹ＶＳ背
２.内侧VS外侧
左ＶＳ右 内VS外（脏器中，近中心为内，近表面为外）
3.上VS下
颅 vs. 尾
高vs. 低
顶VS底
近端 vs. 远端
C. Description of motion
1. kicking: the leg moves forward in the sagittal plane about a frontal axis
2. turning the head: the head moves around a vertical axis in the horizontal plane
3. diagonal movement: the movement occurs in a plane which is not parallel to any cardinal planes, for example, ankle motions
运动的描述
1. 踢腿: 腿在矢状面上绕额状轴向前移动。
2.头的旋转:奇怪的英语头在水平面上绕垂直轴转动。
3. 对角线移动: 发生在不于基本平面平行的平面上的动作。Eg:踝
Motions Occurring in the Body Plane
在身体平面上的动作
A. Movements in the sagittal plane about a frontal axis
1. flexion: the angle of a joint becomes smaller
小篆字帖2. extension: the angle of a joint becomes larger
3. hyperextension: extension goes beyond the anatomic reference position
4. dorsiflexion/ plantarflexion: ud for ankle or foot movements
5. forward/ backward bending: ud for trunk movements
6. nutation/ counternutation: ud for sacroiliac movements
A. 在矢状面、额状轴上的运动
1. 屈: 关节的角度会变小
2. 伸: 关节的角度会变大
3. 过度伸展: 伸展超出解剖学的位置
4. 背屈/跖屈: 用于踝关节及脚的动作
5.向前/向后弯曲: 用来描述躯干的动作
6. nutation/ counternutation: ud for sacroiliac movements
骶骨相对髂骨向前/向后移动：用来描述骶髂关节运动
B. Movements in the frontal plane about a sagittal axis
1. abduction: the distal gment moves away from the midline of the body
2. adduction: the distal gment moves towards the midline of the body
3. exception: finger or toe movements
4. lateral flexion: ud for neck or trunk movements
5. radial deviation/ ulnar deviation: ud for wrist movements
6. inversion/ eversion: ud for foot movements
B. 在额状面、矢状轴上的动作
1. 外展: 远离身体中线
2. 内收: 靠近身体中线
3. 分指: 手指或脚趾运动
4. 侧屈: 数学新课程标准颈部或躯干的运动
5.桡偏/尺偏: 腕部运动
6. 内翻/外翻: 足部运动
C. Movements in the transver plane about a vertical axis
1. external rotation (lateral rotation): the anterior surface of the distal gment moves outwards
2. internal rotation (medial rotation) : the anterior surface of the distal gment moves inwards
3. supination/ pronation: ud for forearm or foot movements
