华中科技大学2014年招收博士研究生入学考试试题
答案
Part I. Cloze (0.5x20=10%)
Directions: In this part you are asked to choo the best word for each blank in the passage. Write your answers on the answer sheet.
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Part II. Reading comprehension (20x2=40%)
Directions: There are four passages in this part. After each passage, there are five questions. You are to choo the best answer for each question. Write your answers on the answer sheet.
Behavior is one of two general respons available to endothermic (warm-blooded) species for the regulation of body temperature, the other being innate (reflexive) mechanisms of heat production and heat loss. Human beings rely primarily on the first to provide a hospitable thermal microclimate for themlves, in which the transfer of heat between the body and the environment is accomplished with
minimal involvement of innate mechanisms of heat production and loss. Thermoregulatory behavior anticipates hyperthermia, and the organism adjusts its behavior to avoid becoming hyperthermic: it removes layers of clothing, it goes for a cool swim, etc. The organism can also respond to changes in the temperature of the body core, as is the ca during exerci; but such respons result from the direct stimulation of thermoreceptors distributed widely within the central nervous system, and the ability of the mechanisms to help the organism adjust to gross changes in its environment is limited.
Until recently it was assumed that organisms respond to microwave radiation in the same way that they respond to temperature changes caud by other forms of radiation. After all, the argument runs, microwaves are radiation and heat body tissues. This theory ignores the fact that the stimulus to a behavioral respon is normally a temperature change that occurs at the surface of the organism. The thermoreceptors that prompt behavioral changes are located within the first millimeter of the skin’s surface, but the energy of a microwave field may be lectively deposited in deep tissues, effectively bypassing the thermoreceptors, particularly if the field is at near-resonant frequencies. The resulting temperature profile may well be a kind of rever thermal gradient in which the deep tissues are warmed more than tho of the surface. Since the heat is not conducted
outward to the surface to stimulate the appropriate receptors, the organism does not “appreciate” this stimulation in the same way that it “appreciates” heating and cooling of the skin. In theory, the internal organs of a human being or an animal could be quite literally cooked well-done before the animal even realizes that the balance of its thermomicroclimate has been disturbed.
Until a few years ago, microwave irradiations at equivalent plane-wave power densities of about 100 mW/cm2 were considered unequivocally to produce “thermal” effects; irradiations within the range of 10 to 100 mW/cm2 might or might not produce “thermal” effects; while effects obrved at power densities below 10 mW/cm2 were assumed to be “nonthermal” in nature. Experiments have shown this to be an oversimplification, and a recent report suggests that fields as weak as 1 mW/cm2can be thermogenic. When the heat generated in the tissues by an impod radio frequency(plus the heat generated by metabolism) exceeds the heat-loss capabilities of the organism, the thermoregulatory system has been compromid. Yet surprisingly, not long ago, an
increa in the internal body temperature was regarded merely as “evidence” of a thermal effect.
1. The author makes which of the following points about innate mechanisms for heat production?
I. They are governed by thermo receptors inside the body of the organism rather than at the surface.
II. They are a less effective means of compensating for gross changes in temperature than behavioral strategies.
III. They are not affected by microwave radiation.
(A) I only
(B) I and II only
(C) I and III only
(D) II and III only（B）
(E) I, II, and III
2. Which of the following would be the most logical topic for the author to take up (take up: 继续) in the paragraph following the final paragraph of the lection?
(A) A suggestion for new rearch to be done on the effects of microwaves on animals and human beings
(B) An analysis of the differences between microwave radiation
(C) A proposal that the u of microwave radiation be prohibited becau it is dangerous
(D) A survey of the literature on the effects of microwave radiation on human beings（A）
(E) Discussion of the strategies ud by various species to control hyperthermia
3. The author implies that the proponents of the theory that microwave radiation action organisms in the same way as other forms of radiation bad their conclusions primarily on
(A) laboratory rearch
(B) unfounded assumption
(C) control group surveys
(D) deductive reasoning（B）
(E) causal investigation
4. The author is primarily concerned with
(A) pointing out weakness in a popular scientific theory
(B) developing hypothesis to explain a scientific phenomenon
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(C) reporting on new rearch on the effects of microwave radiation
(D) criticizing the rearch methods of earlier investigators（A）
(E) clarifying ambiguities in the terminology ud to describe a phenomenon
5. The tone of the passage can best be described as
(A) genial and conversational
(B) alarmed and disparaging
(C) facetious and cynical
(D) scholarly and noncommittal (noncommittal: adj.不明朗的, 不承担义务的)（E）
(E) scholarly and concerned
Since World War II considerable advances have been made in the area of health-care
rvices. The include better access to health care (particularly for the poor and minorities), improvements in physical plants, and incread numbers of physicians and other health personnel. All have played a part in the recent improvement in life expectancy. But there is mounting criticism of the large remaining gaps in access, unbridled cost inflation, the further fragmentation of rvice, excessive indulgence in wasteful high-technology “gadgeteering,” and a breakdown in doctor-patient relationships. In recent years propod panaceas and new programs, small and large, have proliferated at a feverish pace and disappointments multiply at almost the same rate. This has led to an incread pessimism—“everything has been tried and nothing works”—which sometimes borders on cynicism or even nihilism.
It is true that the automatic “pass through” of rapidly spiraling costs to government and insurance carriers, which was t in a publicized environment of “the richest nation in the world,” produced for a time a n of unlimited resources and allowed to develop a mood whereby every practitioner and institution could “do his own thing” without undue concern for the “Medical Commons.” The practice of full-cost reimburment encouraged capital investment and now the industry is overcapitalized. Many cities have hundreds of excess hospital beds; hospitals have proliferated a su
perabundance of high-technology equipment; and structural ostentation and luxury were the order of the day. In any given day, one-fourth of all community beds are vacant; expensive equipment is underud or, wor, ud unnecessarily. Capital investment brings rapidly rising operating costs.
Yet, in part, this pessimism derives from expecting too much of health care. It must be realized that care is, for most people, a painful experience, often accompanied by fear and unwelcome results. Although there is vast room for improvement, health care will always retain some unpleasantness and frustration. Moreover, the capacities of medical science are limited. Humpty Dumpty cannot always be put back together again. Too many physicians are reluctant to admit their limitations to patients; too many patients and families are unwilling to accept such realities. Nor is it true that everything has been tried and nothing works, as shown by the prepaid group practice plans of the Kair Foundation and at Puget Sound. In the main, however, such undertakings have been drowned by a veritable flood of public and private moneys which have supported and encouraged the continuation of conventional practices and subsidized their shortcomings on a massive, almost unrestricted scale. Except for the most idealistic and dedicated, there were no incentives to ek change or to practice lf-restraint or frugality. In this atmosphere, it is not fair to condemn as failures all attempted experiments; it may be more accurate to say many never had a fair trial.
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1 The author mentions all of the following as conquences of full-cost reimburment EXCEPT
(A) rising operating costs
(B) underud hospital facilities
(C)overcapitalization
(D)overreliance on expensive equipment（E）
(E) lack of rvices for minorities
2 It can be inferred that the ntence “Humpty Dumpty cannot always be put back together again” means that
(A) the cost of health-care rvices will not decline
(B) some people should not become doctors
(C) medical care is not really esntial to good health
(D) illness is often unpleasant and even painful（E）
(E) medical science cannot cure every ill
3 With which of the following descriptions of the system for the delivery of health-care rvices would the author most likely agree?
(A) It is biad in favor of doctors and against patients.
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(B) It is highly fragmented and completely ineffective
(C) It has not embraced new technology rapidly enough
(D) It is generally effective but can be improved（D）
(E) It discourages people from eking medical care
4 Which of the following best describes the logical structure of the lection?
(A) The third paragraph is intended as a refutation of the first and cond paragraphs.
内心空虚(B) The cond and third paragraphs explain and put into perspective the points made in the first paragraph.(答案一样的，不知道到时候怎么给分，复制题目出题的老师都不看，晕死）
(C) The cond and third paragraphs explain and put into perspective the points made in the first paragraph.
(D) The first paragraph describes a problem, and the cond and third paragraphs prent two horns of a dilemma.（C）
(E) The first paragraph describes a problem, the cond its caus, and the third a possible solution.
5The author’s primary concern is to
(A) criticize physicians and health-care administrators for investing in technologically advanced equipment
(B) examine some problems affecting delivery of health-care rvices and asss their verity
(C) defend the medical community from charges that health-care has not improved since World War II
(D) analyze the reasons for the health-care industry’s inability to provide quality care to all gments of the population （B）
(E) describe the peculiar economic features of the health-care industry that are the caus of spiraling medical costs
Agricultural progress provided the stimulus necessary to t off economic expansion in medieval France. As long as tho who worked the land were barely able to ensure their own subsistence and that of their landlords, all other activities had to be minimal, but when food surplus incread, it became possible to relea more people for governmental, commercial, religious and cultural pursuits.
However, not all the funds from the agricultural surplus were actually available for commercial investment. Much of the surplus, in the form of food increas, probably went to rai the subsistence level; an additional amount, in the form of currency gained from the sale of food, went into the royal treasury to be ud in waging war. Although Louis VII of France levied a less crushing tax burden on his subjects than did England’s Henry II, Louis VII did spend great sums on an unsuccessful crusade, and his vassals—both lay and ecclesiastic—took over spending where their sovereign stopped. Surplus funds were claimed both by the Church
and by feudal landholders, whereupon cathedrals and castles mushroomed throughout France.结婚的意义是什么
The simultaneous progress of cathedral building and, for instance, vineyard expansion in Bordeaux illustrates the very real competition for available capital between the Church and commercial interests; the former produced inestimable moral and artistic riches, but the latter had a stronger immediate impact upon gross national product. Moreover, though all wars by definition are defensive, the frequent crossings of armies that lived off the land and impartially burned all the huts and barns on their path consumed considerable resources.
Since demands on the agricultural surplus would have varied from year to year, we cannot precily calculate their impact on the commercial growth of medieval France. But we must bear that impact in mind when estimating the asts that were likely to have been available for investment. No doubt castle and cathedral building was not totally barren of profit (for the builders, that is), and it produced intangible dividends of material and moral satisfaction for the community. Even wars handed back a fragment of what they took, at least to a few. Still, we cannot place on the same plane a primarily destructive activity and a constructive one, nor expect the same results from a new bell tower as from a new water mill. Above all, medieval France had little room for investment over and above the prervation of life. Granted that war cost much less than it does today, that the Church rendered all sorts of educational and recreational rvices that were unobtainable elwhere, and that governme
nt was far less demanding than is the modern state—nevertheless, for medieval men and women, supporting commercial development required considerable economic sacrifice.
1. According to the passage, agricultural revenues in excess of the amount needed for subsistence were ud by medieval kings to
(A) patronize the arts
(B) sponsor public recreation
(C) wage war
(D) build cathedrals（C）
护发素作用(E) fund public education
2. It can be inferred from the passage that more people could enter government and the Church in medieval France becau
(A) the number of individual landholdings in heavily agricultural areas was beginning to increa
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(B) an increa in the volume of international trade had brought an increa in the population of cities
(C) a decrea in warfare had allowed the king to decrea the size of the army
(D) food producers could grow more food than they and their families needed to survive（D）
(E) landlords were prospering and thus were demanding a smaller percentage of tenants’ annual yields
3. The author implies that the reason we cannot expect the same results from a new bell tower as from a new water mill is that
(A) bell towers yield an intangible dividend
(B) bell towers provide material satisfaction
(C) water mills cost more to build than bell towers
(D) water mills divert funds from commerce（A）
初中周记400字
(E) water mills might well be destroyed by war
4. The author of the passage most probably bas his central argument on which of the following
