分规则变化和不规则变化两种。不规则变化需逐个记忆,规则变化遵循以下原则:
(1) 一般情况下,在动词后加ed构成:work / worked, stay / stayed, shout / shouted等。
(2) 在以-e结尾动词后只加d:clo / clod, like / liked, live / lived, smile / smiled等。
(3) 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,应将y改为i 再加-ed:study / studied, carry / carried等。
(4) 以重读闭音节或r音节结尾且(中间只有一个元音字母)且末尾只有一个辅音字母动词,要双写末尾的辅音字母再加-ed:stop / stopped, admit / admitted, refer / referred, prefer / preferred等。
【注】(1) 以字母l结尾的动词,若末尾一个音节为重读音节,则必须双写l再加-ed,如control / controlled,但若末尾一个音节为非重读音节,则可双写l(英国英语)或不双写l(美国英语),如travel / travel(l)ed。
(2) 动词picnic(野餐)的过去式和过去分词是picnicked,不是picniced。
(3) 词尾-ed 读音规则是:在清辅音后读作[t],元音和浊辅音后读作[d],在辅音[t]或[d]后读作[
id]。
参考资料:引用
过去式和过去分词构成法
1)英语中大部分动词都以加-ed词尾的办法构成过去式及过去分词:
现在时(动词原形) 过去式 过去分词
work worked worked
appear appeared appeared
图片镜像 talk talked talked
play played played
这类动词称为规则动词(Regular Verbs)。
2)在加-ed 词尾时要注意几个问题:
a.若末尾已有字母e,则只加-d:
live —— lived plea —— plead free —— freed
b.若以“辅音(字母)+y”结尾,先变y为i再加-ed:
try —— tried study —— studied simplify ——菲律宾的英文 simplified
c.若是以“一个元音字母+ 一个辅音字母”结尾,该音节又重读者,末尾字母要双写,然后再加-ed:
stop —— stopped fit —— fitted chat —— chatted
d.其他的词都直接加-ed:
lack —— lacked open —— opened repeat —— repeated
3)另外,还有几点值得注意:
a.以“一个元音+l”结尾的词,英国人都把l双写,美国人都不双写:
travel —— travelled (英),traveled (美)
marvel —— marvelled (美),marveled (美)
b.l前若有两个元音,l一概不双写(英美都如此):
reveal —— revealled appeal —— appealed
c.有少数词,尽管末尾音节并不重读,末尾辅音字母在英国仍双写:
worship —— worshipped (英) ,worshiped (美)
kidnap —— kidnapped (英), kidnapped (美)
灌肠的方法和步骤 但progarm盛世久安—— programmed(英,美),progarmed(美国人有时用这种拼法)。
d.以x结尾的词,x不双写:
mix —— mixed fix —— fixed
4)在英语中,在加-ed词尾时,末尾字母双写的词常见的有:
ban chop drop grip knit net plan rub shrug slam star swap trap abet control 登山的目地expel recap | bar clap drum gun lag nip plod scan shun slap stem tag trim abhor defer incur refer | bat cram dub重拾那份小幸福 hop man nod plug scar sin slip step tan trip acquit deter instil regret | beg crop fan hug mar pad pop scrap sip snap stop tap trot admit distil occur remit | blot dam fit hum mob pat prop skrub skid sob strap thin wag allot emit omit repel | brag dip flag jam mop pen rip ship skim spot strip throb wrap commit enrol outwit 教育实习鉴定表submit | brim dot grap jog mug pin rob shop skin squat stun tip compel equip patrol transmit | chat drag grin jot nag pit rot shred skip stap sun top confer 微信公众号登陆excel propel handicap |
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5)下面的词在加-ed时,在英国末尾字母要双写,而在美国却不一定双写: