by 、beside、 near、 beyond 的用法
1. by表方式：
（1）表示以一般的方法或方式。如：
No one in tho days could live by writing poems.
（2）表示传达、传递的方式或煤介。如：
How did you nd the letter, by airmail or by ordinary mail?
（3）表示用交通工具、通讯工具后接名词单数，不加冠词。如：
He came by train, but his wife came by bus.
注意下面两句的区别：
Did you come by train?
Did you come in his car / on my bike?
“by +抽象名词”构成的词组有：by accident / by chance / by diligence / by effort / by force / by heart / by luck / by mistake / by hard work.
2.beside: [ bi'said ]
prep. 在...旁边 雪花和雨滴
例句与用法:
1. He lived in a town beside the a.
他住在一个靠海的城镇.
2. I keep a dictionary beside me when I'm doing crosswords.
我填纵横字谜的时候, 手边总有一本字典.
3. Sit beside your sister.
坐在你妹妹旁边.
4. He was beside himlf with rage when he saw the mess.
他看到一切都乱七八糟就勃然大怒.
5. Beside your earlier work this piece ems rather disappointing.
这件工作同你早先的工作相比, 有些令人失望.
6. The company wished to locate its new factory beside the river.
这家公司希望把新工厂设在河边。
7. You'll need plenty of nerve to sit beside him when he is driving.
他开车的时候，你得有足够的胆量才敢坐在他旁边。
8. The child was trotting along beside its parents.
那孩子小跑著跟在父母身边.
BESIDE 的用法
Besides, there are very few skilled stone workers left after the war years. =Also, there are very few skilled stone workers that are left after the war years. 此外，战争年代过后，技术熟练的石匠以所剩无几。
句中的besides是副词，作“还有，而且”解，通常置于句首。
例如： it’s too late to go to the concert. Besides, it’s raining. I don’t want to go out now. besides, I’m feeling tired. The task is difficult; besides, time is limited. Besides还可以用作介词，意思是“除…之外”pos系统，“还有…”
例如， There are five other room besides the two. Besides the violin, Jack also plays the piano. To learn English, listening is also important besides reading.
不要把besides同beside是介词，作“在……旁边”（聚会活动next to）解，例如： He is sitting beside the driver. He lives in a town beside a lake.
by, beside, near和next to
1) by和beside均表示“在……旁边”，常可换用
寂静的近义词
例：There is a chair by the table. 桌子边上有一把椅子。
She stood by the window. 她站在窗边。
The hotel is beside (/by) the river. 那家饭店在河边。
形容音乐的词语Come and sit beside (/by) me. 过来，坐在我边上。
Put your shoes beside mine. 把你的鞋子放在我的鞋子旁边。
2) near表示“在……附近”，表示的距离比by和beside稍远些，也时常换用
例：There is a theatre near his home. 他家附近有一家剧院。
Don't play near the road. 不要在马路附近玩。
There is a post office near No. 1 Middle School. 蓟县独乐寺第一中学附近有一所邮局。
3) next to表示文艺游戏名“紧靠……的旁边”
例：The new building next to the bookstore is a cinema. 书店旁边的那幢新楼是一家电影院。
There is a café next to the barber's. 最美的礼物作文理发店隔壁是一家咖啡馆。
4.beyond就是:超越
