2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试
无私的近义词英语（一）试题
Section I U of English
Directions:
Read the following text.Choo the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)
Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memory and the ability to think quickly,logically,and abstractly in order to solve new problems.It1in young adulthood,levels out for a period of time,and then2starts to slowly decline as we age.But3aging is inevitable,scientists are finding out that certain changes in brain function may not be.
One study found that muscle loss and the4of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence.This suggests the5that lifestyle factors might help prevent or6this type of decline.
国庆的意义
The rearchers looked at data that7measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000middle-to-older-aged men and women and8that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six-year period.They found that middle-aged people9higher measures of abdominal fat10wor on measures of fluid intelligence as the years11.
For women,the association may be12to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat;in men,the immune system did not appear to be13.It is hoped that future studies could14the differences and perhaps lead to different15for men and women.
为什么脸上会长斑
16there are steps you can17to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental18.The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your19of aerobic exerci and following Mediterranean-style20that is high in fiber and eliminates highly procesd foods.
1.[A]paus[B]return[C]peaks[D]fades
2.[A]alternatively[B]formally[C]accidentally[D]generally
3.[A]while[B]since[C]once[D]until
4.[A]detection[B]accumulation[C]consumption[D]paration
5.[A]possibility[B]decision[C]goal[D]requirement
6.[A]delay[B]ensure[C]ek[D]utilize
7.[A]modified[B]supported[C]included[D]predicted
8.[A]devoted[B]compared[C]converted[D]applied
9.[A]with[B]above[C]by[D]against
10.[A]lived[B]managed[C]scored[D]played
11.[A]ran out[B]t off[C]drew in[D]went by
12.[A]superior[B]attributable[C]parallel[D]resistant
13.[A]restored[B]isolated[C]involved[D]controlled
14.[A]alter[B]spread[C]remove[D]explain
15.[A]compensations[B]symptoms[C]demands[D]treatments
16.[A]Likewi[B]Meanwhile[C]Therefore[D]Instead
17.[A]change[B]watch[C]count[D]take
机灵的什么18.[A]well-being[B]process[C]formation[D]coordination
19.[A]level[B]love[C]knowledge[D]space
20.[A]design[B]routine[C]diet[D]prescription
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
烫菠菜
Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)
Text1
How can Britain’s train operators possibly justify yet another increa to rail pasnger fares?It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual:every January the cost of travelling by train ris,imposing a significant extra burden on tho who have no option but to u the rail network to get to work or otherwi.This year’s ri an average of 2.7percent,maybe a fraction lower than last year’s,but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Ind-er (CPI)measure of inflation.
Successive governments have permitted such increas on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network.Should be borne by tho who u it,rather than the general taxpayer.Why,the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincoln-shire have to subscribe the daily commute of a stockbroker from survey?Equally,there is a n that the travails of commuters in the south East,many of whom will face among the biggest ris,have received too much attention compared to tho who must endure the relativity poor infrastructure of the Mid lands and the North.
However,over the past12months,tho commuters have also experienced some of the worst rail strikes in years.It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the
network,but pasngers should be able to expect a basic level of rvice for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel. The responsibility for the test wave of strikes rests on the wines.However,there is a strong ca that tho who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.
The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum rvice requirement,so that,even when strikes occur,rvices can continue to operate.This should from part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain’s railways.Yes,more investment is needed,but pasngers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped,unreliable rvices interrupted by regular
灯展
chaos when time tables are changed,or planned maintenance is managed incompetently.They threat of nationalization may have been en off for now,but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of pasngers is not addresd in short order.
21.The author holds that this year's increa in rail pasnger fares.
[A]has kept pace with inflation.
[B]is a big surpri to commuters.
[C]remains an unreasonable measure.
[D]will ea train operators burden.
22.The stockbroker in Paragraph2is ud to stand for.
[A]rail travelers.
[B]car drivers.
[C]local investors.
[D]ordinary taxpayers.
23.It is indicated in Paragraph3that train operators.
[A]have suffered huge loss owing to the strikes.
[B]have failed to provide an adequate rvice.
[C]are offering compensation to commuters.
[D]are trying to repair relations with the unions
24.If unable to calm down pasngers,the railways may have to face.
[A]the loss of investment.
[B]the collap of operations.
[C]a reduction of revenue.
[D]a change of ownership.
25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
[A]Who Are to Blame for the Strikes?
[B]Constant Complaining Doesn't Work
[C]Can Nationalization Bring Hope?
[D]Ever-rising Fares Aren't Sustainable
Text2
Last year marked the third year in a row that Indonesia’s bleak rate deforestation has slowed in pace.One reason for the turnaround may be the country’s antipoverty program.
In2007,Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions,such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care.Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs,the social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty.They are already ud in dozens of countries worldwide.In Indonesia,the programme has provided
enough food and medicine to substantially reduce vere growth problems among children.
But the CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment.In fact,poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals,says Paul Ferraro,an economist at Johns Hopkins University.
That’s becau economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation,while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty.However,tho correlations don’t prove cau and effect.The only previous study analyzing causality,bad on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported the traditional view.There,as people got more money,some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to rai for meat,Ferraro says.
Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment,though.Ferraro wanted to e if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation.Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates.
Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from2008to2012—including during Indonesia’s pha-in of the antipoverty program—in7,468forested villages across15provinces.“We e that the program is associated with a30percent reduction in deforestation,”Farrow says.
That’s likely becau the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather,Ferraro says.Typically,if rains are delayed,people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvest.With the CCTs,individuals instead can u the money to supplement their harvests.
Whether this rearch translates elwhere is anybody’s guess.Farrow suggests the results may transfer to other parts of Asia,due to commonalities such as the importance of growing rice and market access.And regardless of transferability,the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the environment. Even if this program didn’t reduce poverty.Ferraro says,“the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs”
26.According to the first paragraph,CCT programmes aim to____.
[A]Facilitate health-care reform
[B]help poor families get better off
[C]Improve local education systems
[D]lower deforestation rates
27.The study bad on an area in Mexico excited to show that____.
[A]cattle raising has been a major livelihood for the poor
[B]CCT programs have helped prerve traditional lifestyles
[C]antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers
[D]economic growth tends to cau environmental degradation
28.In his study about Indonesia,Farrow intends to find out____.
[A]its acceptance level of CCTs
[B]its annual rate of poverty alleviation
[C]the relation of CCTs to its forest loss
[D]the role of its forests in climate change
29.According to Ferraro,the CCT program in Indonesia is valuable in that____.
[A]it will benefit other Asian countries
[B]it will reduce regional inequality
[C]it can protect the environment
[D]it can benefit grain production
30.What is the text centred on?
[A]The effects of a program.
[B]The debates over a program.
[C]The process of a study.
[D]The transfer-ability of a study.
Text3
先人后己的意思As a historian who’s always arching for the test or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past.I’ve become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling(what better way to shatter the image of19th-century prudery?).I’ve found quite a few,and—since I started posting them on Twitter —they have been causing quite stir.People have been surpris
ed to e evidence that Victorian had fun and could, and did,laugh.They are nothing that the Victorians suddenly em to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that parate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.
Of cour,I need to concede that my collection of'Smiling Victorians’makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between1840and1900,the majority of which show sitters posing mirably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops,or staring abntly into the middle distance.How do we explain this trend?
During the1840s and1850s in the early days of photography,exposure times were notoriously long:the daguerreotype photographic method(producing an image on a silvered copper plate)could take veral minutes to complete,resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs.The thought holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate,and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.
But exposure ties were much quicker by the1880s and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that,though slow by today’s digital standards,the exposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the1890s so we must look elwhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.
One explanation might must be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin.“Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth.”ran one popular Victorian saying,alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene.A flashing t of healthy and clean,regular“pearly whites”was你的名字语录
