CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
Definition : linguistics can be defined as the scientific or systematic study of language. It is always guided by the
又怎么组词 three cannons of science:exhaustiveness, consistency and economy.
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Linguistics versus
traditional grammar:
Scope Microlinguistics Phonetics Phonology Morphology Syntax Semantics Pragmatics
Macrolinguistics Sociolinguistics Psycholinguistics Neurolinguistics Stylistics
Discour analysis Computational linguistics Cognitive linguistics
Definition:
Ding-Dong Theory: human speech developed from primitive man giving vocal expression to the objects he encountered.
Sing-Song Theory: language developed from primitive ritual songs of prai.
Pooh-Pooh Theory: language came from interjections, which express he speaker’s emotions.
Origins Yo-He-Ho Theory: language came from the cries uttered, during strain of work.数码单反相机
Ta-Ta Theory : language came from the combination of certain gestures and tongues movements.
Bow-Wow Theory: language came from imitation of animal cries and other sounds heard in nature.
Design
features
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Functions
Some major concepts in linguistics
Descriptive and prescriptive grammar
Descriptive grammars attempt to tell what is in the language; while prescriptive grammars tell people what should be in the language.As traditional grammars tried to lay down rules, they are often called prescriptive. Most modern linguistics is descriptive.开科取士
Synchronic and diachronic linguistics
When we study language at one particular time, it is called synchronic linguistics. When
we study language developments through time, it is called diachronic or historical linguistics. Synchronic linguistics focus on the state of language at any point in history while diachronic linguistics focus on he difference in two or more than two tates of language over decades or centuries.
Langue and parole
F.de Saussure made an important distinction between langue and parole. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. Parole refers to particular realizations of langue. Langue is the social, conventional side of language, while parole is individualized speech.
Competence and performance
According to Chomsky, competence refers to the knowledge that native speakers have of their language as a system of abstract formal relations, while performance refers to their actual linguistic behavior, that is , the actual u of this knowledge.
Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations
加拿大讲什么语言Saussure has put forward another pair of concepts: syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations. The former refers to the horizontal relationship between linguistic elements, which form linear quences. The later means the vertical relationship between forms, which might occupy the same particular place in a structure.
Functionalism and formalism
Functionalism or functional linguistics refers to the study of the forms of language in reference to their social function in communication. Formalism or formal linguistics is the study of the abstract forms of language and their internal relations.
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If language is partially defined as communication, can we call the nois that dogs make language? Why or why not?
No,we can’t call the nois that dogs make as language even though language is partially defined as communication. There are two reasons for that: first, language is human-specific,it is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols ud only for human communication. Second, language has design features which are totally lack in animal communication systems. For example, language has two levels of structures: at one level are elements which have no meaning in themlves but which combine to form units at another level which do have meaning. Nois made by dogs reprent certain meaning but can not be further analyzed into smaller units.
What is the difference between a prescriptive and a descriptive approach to language?
Descriptive approach to language attempt to tell what is in the language, while prescriptive approach to language tells people what should be in the language. Most contemporary linguists believe that whatever occurs naturally in the language should be described. Certain forms are sued more regularly than others and by different people. Though some forms occur less frequently they should not be ignored. They can all be recorded and explained as aspects of the languages since hey are actually ud.
A wolf is able to express subtle gradations of emotion by different positions of the ears, the lips, and the tail. There are eleven postures of the tail that express such emotions as lf-confidence, confident threat, lack of tension, uncertain threat, depression, defensiveness, active submission, and complete submission. This system ems to be complex. Suppo there were a thousand different emotions that the wolf could express in this way. Would you then say a wolf had a language similar to man’s ? If not, why not?
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