Chapter 9 Language and Literature
9.1 Theoretical background
那么英语怎么读1. Style: Style refers to variation in a person’s speech or writing or a particular person’s u of speech or writing at all times or to a way of speaking or writing at a particular period of time.
2. Stylistics: According to H. G. Widdowson, stylistics is the study of literary discour from a linguistic orientation. He treated literature as discour, thus adopting a linguistic approach. This brings literature and linguistics clor.
9.2 Some general features of the literary language
9.2.1 Foregrounding and grammatical form
1. Foregrounding: Foreground refers to the part of a scene nearest to the viewer, or figuratively the most noticeable position. Foregrounding means to put something or someon
e in the most esntial part of the description or narration, other than in a background position.
2. In literary texts, the grammatical system of the language is often exploited, experimented with, or in Mukarovsky’s words, made to “deviate from other, more everyday, forms of language, and as a result creates interesting new patterns in form and in meaning.
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9.2.2 Literal language and figurative language
1. Literal language: The first meaning for a word that a dictionary definition gives is usually called literal meaning.
2. Figurative language: A. k. a. trope, which refers to language ud in a figurative way for a rhetorical purpo.
We can u some figures of speech such as simile, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, etc.
9.2.3 The analysis of literary language
(Omit. Refer to p288-290 of the textbook.)
9.3 The language in poetry彩灯怎么做
[Nothing special here in this note. Plea refer to my note named “Selected Readings of American Literature, p9-10. – icywarmtea]
9.3.1 Sound patterning
9.3.2 Different forms of sound patterning
1. Rhyme (end rhyme): The last word of a line has the same final sounds as the last word of another line, sometimes immediately above or below, sometimes one or more lines away (cVC).
2. Alliteration: The initial consonants are identical in alliteration (Cvc).
3. Assonance: Assonance describes syllables with a common vowel (cVc).
4. Consonance: Syllables ending with the same consonants are described as having consonance (cvC).
5. Rever rhyme: Rever rhyme describes syllables sharing the vowel and initial consonant (CVc).
6. Pararhyme: Where two syllables have the same initial and final consonants, but different vowels, they pararhyme (CvC).
7. Repetition: A complete match of the syllable (CVC).
9.3.3 Stress and metrical patterning
1. Iamb: An iambic foot contains two syllables, an unstresd syllable followed by a stresd one.
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2. Trochee: A trochaic foot contains two syllables as well, but in this ca, the stresd syllable comes first, followed by an unstresd syllable.
3. Anapest: An anapestic foot consists of three syllables; two unstresd syllables are followed by a stresd one.
4. Dactyl: A dactylic foot is similar to anapest, except reverd – a stresd syllable is followed by two unstresd ones.
5. Spondee: A spondaic foot consists of two stresd syllables; lines of poetry rarely consist only of spondees.
6. Pyrrhic: A pyrrhic foot consists of two unstresd syllables.
7. Metrical patterning
(1) Dimeter发热护膝
(2) Trimeter
(3) Tetrameter
(4) Pentameter
(5) Hexameter兔子十不喂
(6) Heptameter
(7) Octameter
9.3.4 Conventional forms of meter and sound
1. Couplets: Couplets are two lines of ver, usually connected by a rhyme.
2. Quatrains: Stanzas of four lines, known as quatrains, are very common in English poetry.
霁月3. Blank ver: Blank ver consists of lines in iambic pentameter which do not rhyme.
9.3.5 The poetic functions of sound and meter
1. For aesthetic pleasure
2. To conform to a convention / style / form
3. To express or innovate with a form
4. To demonstrate technical skill, and for intellectual pleasure
5. For emphasis or contrast
6. Onomatopoeia
9.3.6 How to analyze poetry?
1. Read a poem more than once.
2. Keep a dictionary and u it. Other reference books will also be invaluable. A good book on mythology and a Bible.
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3. Read so as to hear the sounds of the words in your mind. Poetry is written to be heard: its meanings are conveyed through sound as well as through print. One should read a poem as slowly as he can. Lip reading is a good habit.
4. Always pay careful attention to what the poem is saying. One should make an effort to follow the thought continuously and to grasp the full implications and suggestions.
