the Romantic Period (18th C—the Civil War) (1783—1861)
A General View on Literature
Background--rapid development in America
(1)
Background– foreign influences
(2)Romantic movement in Europe
阿尔杰塔
Features of American romanticism
26个字母占格(1) It was the expression of “a real new experience(全新体验)”. Reason: “the spirit of the place(美国的精神)” was radically new and alien.
(2) American Puritanism was a cultural heritage. Many American romantic writings intended to edify(启发) more than they entertained.
Features of American romanticism
(3) American Romanticism is full of “newness(新奇)” .
Features of American romanticism
(4) American romanticism was both imitative and independent.
Features of American romanticism
(1) It was the expression of “a real new experience(全新体验)”.
(2) American Puritanism was a cultural heritage.
(3) American Romanticism is full of “newness(新奇)” .
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(4) American romanticism was both imitative and independent.
Early Romantic Period
Washing Irving (1783-1859)
Irving’s Major Works
Irving’s Major Works
Irving’s Major Works
Irving’s Major Works
J.F. Cooper (1789-1851)
J.F. Cooper
Cooper’s Major Literary Works
Cooper’s Major Literary Works
Three subjects of his works
Herman Melville
梅尔维尔
(1819—1891)
Herman Melville
Melville’s Major Works
1) Typee «泰皮»
2) Omoo «欧穆»
3) Mardi «玛地»
4) Redburn «雷得本»
5) White Jacket «白外衣»
Melville’s Major Works
6) Pierre «皮埃尔»
7) Billy Budd 《比利•巴德》(a sign that he had resolved his quarrel with God)
Clarel 《克拉莱尔》( a poem)
Melville’s Major Works
Moby-Dick «白鲸»，«莫比•狄克»
Nathaniel Hawthorne (霍桑)
(1804—1864)
Nathaniel Hawthorne
(1804—1864)
Hawthorne’s Major Works
Hawthorne’s Major Works
3) The Hou of the Seven Gables
《七个尖角阁的房子》
4) The Blithedale Romance 《福谷传奇》
5) The Marble Faun 《大理石雕像》
Short stories:
Young Goodman Brown
《小伙子古德曼·布朗》
The Minister’s Black Veil 《教长的黑面纱》
自费生
The Birthmark 《胎记》
Edgar Allen Poe
坡
(1809—1849)
E.A. Poe (1809—1849)
Poe’s Major Literary Works
works
The Philosophy of Composition 《创作原理》
The Poetic Principle 《诗歌原则》
Themes
Ralph Waldo Emerson 爱默生
(1803—1882)
R.W. Emerson (1803—1882)
Emerson’s Major Literary Works
Emerson’s Major Works
Walter Whitman
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惠特曼
Whitman’s Major Works
(1855, 1856, 1867, 1871, 1876 (2 volumns: Leaves of Grass， Two Rivulets 《两条小河》, 1881, 1889, 1891-1892 (or the “Deathbed Edition” 《临终版本》)
Including
“Song of Mylf” 《自我之歌》
“There Was a Child Went Forth” 《有个小孩走过来》规则功利主义
“Crossing Brooklyn Ferry” 《过布鲁克林渡口》
“Democratic Vistas” 《民主的前景》
“Passage to India” 《向印度行进》
“Prouf Music of the Storm” 《骄傲的风暴之音乐》
“Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking”《走出永不休止地摇动着的摇篮》
“When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d”《当紫丁香上次在庭院开放的时候》
Comments on Leaves of Grass
The title:---significant
where there is earth, where there is water, there is grass.
Grass, the most common thing with the greatest vitality, is an image of the poet himlf, a symbol of the rising American nation, and an embodiment of his ideals about democracy and freedom.
Henry David Thoreau 梭罗
(1817—1862)
Henry David Thoreau
(1817—1862)
Major Literary Works
Summit of Romanticism
American Transcendentalism
Background
What is transcendentalism?
Transcendentalism is the summit of the Romantic Movement in the history of American literature in the 19th century. Transcendentalism has been defined philosophically as “the recognition（认知） in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively（直觉地）”. Transcendentalists place emphasis on the importance of the Over-soul, the individual and Nature. The most important reprentatives are Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.
Features
Features上坡起步
Features
nature – symbol of spirit/the garment of the Oversoul
Influence
(1)It rved as an ethical guide to life for a young nation and brought about the idea that human can be perfected by nature.
(2)It advocated idealism that was greatly needed in a rapidly expanded economy.
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(3)It helped to create the first American renaissance – one of the most prolific period in American literature.
