1. Naturalism 自然主义
• American literary naturalism emerged in the 1890s as an outgrowth of American realism.
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• Naturalism is sometimes claimed to give an even more accurate depiction of life than realism.
• It is more than that, for it is a mode of fiction that was developed by a school of writers in accordance with a particular philosophical thesis.
Philosophical foundations 哲学基础
This thesis is a product of post-Darwinian biology in the nineteenth century.
1) a human being exists entirely in the order of nature and does not have a soul nor any mode of participating in a religious or spiritual world beyond the natural world.
2) a human being is merely a higher-order animal who character and behavior are entirely determined by two kinds of forces, heredity and environment.
3) A person inherits compulsive instincts--especially hunger, the drive to accumulate posssions, and xuality--and is then subject to the social and economic forces in the family, the class, and the milieu into which that person is born.
• Briefly, Naturalist writers believed that a human being is no more than a higher-order animal, who is governed by heredity and environment, natural or socioeconomic, thus, acquirng no free will and living in an amoral world.
• "the survival of the fittest", "the human beast"
• Naturalistic works expod the dark harshness of life, including poverty, racism, violence, prejudice, dia, corruption, prostitution, and filth. As a result, naturalistic writers were frequently criticized for focusing too much on human vice and miry.
Naturalist Writers
收官之年Stephen Crane
Frank Norris
Theodore Dreir
Edwin Arlington Robinson
Jack London
O’ Henry
Stephen Crane (1871-1900)
• Maggie: A Girl of the Streets京制牛黄解毒片的功效与作用 (1893)
• The Red Badge of Courage小灵通漫游未来 (1895)
• "The Open Boat"
• "The Monster"
• "The Brides Comes to Yellow Sky"
• "The Blue Hotel"
poems:
• The Black Riders and Other Lines 《黑衣骑士及其他》
• 不在的英语War is Kind 《战争是仁慈的》
• Stephen Crane and Emily Dickinson are now recognized as the two presursors of Imagist poetry.
2. TRANSCENDENTALISM (Transcendentalism超验主义)
◆ When did Transcendentalism come into being?
◆ Who were the spokesmen of Transcendentalism?
◆ What is Transcendentalism?
◆ Where did Transcendentalism originate?
组织文化的核心是WHEN:
◆ In 1836 an informal group, the Transcendentalist Club, met in Concord, Massachutts, to discuss theology, philosophy, and literature.
◆ Between 1840 and 1844, the Club published sixteen issues of The Dial, a quarterly. They established in 1841 Brook Farm, a utopian community in which individuals were suppoesd to be better enabled towards lf-realization. The experiment ended in failure in 1847.
WHO:
◆ William Ellery Channing
◆ Ralph Waldo Emerson
◆ Henry David Thoreau
◆ Bronson Alcott
◆ Margaret Fuller
◆ Nathaniel Harthorne
WHAT:
◆ Centered in Concord and Boston from 1836 till just before the Civil War, Transcendentalism is a New England literary movement which held that spiritual realtiy, discernible through intution, transcended empirical or scientific knowledge.
◆ There are three major features of New England Transcendentalism being summarized as follows:
◆ Firstly, the Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul(超灵), as the most important thing in the univer.
◆ Secondly, the Transcendentalists stresd the importance of the individual.
◆ Thirdly, the Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God.
◆ The Oversoul was an all-pervading power for goodness, omniprent and omnipotent, from which all things came and of which all were a part.
◆ It existed in nature and man alike and constituted the chief element of the univer.
◆ It was a reaction to the eighteenth-century Newtonian concept of the univer.
◆ It was also a reaction against the direction that a mechanized, capitalist America was taking.
茼蒿豆腐汤
◆ As the regeneration of society could only come about through the regeneration of the individual, his perfection, his 消费者权益lf-culture and lf-improvement, and not the frenzed effort to get rich, should become the first concern of his life.
◆ The ideal type of man was the lf-reliant individual.
◆ The individual soul communed with the Oversoul and was therefore divine.
◆ This new notion of the individual and his importance reprented a new way of lookin
g at man.
◆ It was a reaction against the Calvinist concept that man is totally depraved, he is sinful and perveres in sinhood, and can not hope to be saved except through the grace of God.
