Mao Zedong
I INTRODUCTION
创新创效
Mao Zedong or Mao T-tung (1893-1976), foremost Chine Communist leader of the 20th century and the principal founder of the People’s Republic of China.
II EARLY LIFE
Mao was born December 26, 1893, into a peasant family in the village of Shaoshan, Hunan province. His father was a strict disciplinarian and Mao frequently rebelled against his authority. Mao’s early education was in the Confucian classics of Chine history, literature, and philosophy, but early teachers also expod him to the ideas of progressive Confucian reformers such as K’ang Yu-wei. In 1911 Mao moved to the provincial capital, Changsha, where he briefly rved as a soldier in Republican army in the 1911 revolution that overthrew the Qing dynasty. While in Changsha, Mao read works on Western philosophy; he was also greatly influenced by progressive newspapers and by journals such as New Youth, founded by revolutionary leader Chen Duxiu.
日记200字
In 1918, after graduating from the Hunan Teachers College in Changsha, Mao traveled to Beijing and obtained a job in the Beijing University library under the head librarian, Li Dazhao. Mao joined Li’s study group that explored Marxist political and social thought and he became an avid reader of Marxist writings. During the May Fourth Movement of 1919, when students and intellectuals called for China’s modernization, Mao published articles criticizing the traditional values of Confucianism. He stresd the importance of physical strength and mental willpower in the struggle against tradition. In Beijing, he also met and married his first wife, Yang Kaihui, a Beijing University student and the daughter of Mao’s high school teacher. (When Mao was 14 his father had arranged a marriage for him with a local girl, but Mao never recognized this marriage.)
临水看花
III RISE TO POWER
小蚂蚁的故事In 1920 Mao returned to Changsha, where his attempt to organize a democratic government for Hunan province failed. He traveled to Shanghai in 1921 and was prent at the founding meeting of the Chine Communist Party (CCP), which was also attende
d by Li Dazhao and Chen Duxiu. Mao then founded a CCP branch in Hunan and organized workers’ strikes throughout the province. At this time warlords controlled much of northern China. To defeat the warlords, the Kuomintang (KMT) party of Sun Yat-n allied with the CCP in 1923. Mao joined the KMT and rved on its Central Committee, although he maintained his CCP membership. 送东阳
In 1925 Mao organized peasant unions in his hometown of Shaoshan. Becau of his peasant background, he was named director of both the CCP and KMT Peasant Commissions in 1926. In 1927 Mao wrote a paper titled “Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan,” in which he declared that peasants would be the main force in the revolution. Becau this viewpoint was contrary to orthodox Marxism, which held that workers were the basis for revolution, and becau peasant revolt would alienate the KMT, the CCP rejected Mao’s ideas.
The KMT broke with the CCP in 1927 and KMT leader Chiang Kai-shek, who had taken control of the KMT after Sun Yat-n’s death in 1925, launched a violent purge against th
胸闷气短咳嗽e Communists. In battles that became known as the Autumn Harvest Uprising, Mao led a small peasant army in Hunan against local landlords and the KMT. His forces were defeated and Mao retreated south to mountainous Jiangxi province where he established a ba area in 1929 known as the Jiangxi Soviet. There Mao experimented with rural land reform and recruited troops for the Communist military, known as the Red Army. Working with Red Army general Zhu De, Mao developed new guerrilla warfare tactics that drew the KMT forces deep into the hostile countryside, where they were harasd by peasants and destroyed by the Red Army. Mao married He Zizhen while in Jiangxi, after his first wife was killed by KMT forces.
离骚课文Chiang was determined to eliminate the Communists and in 1934 intensified his extermination campaign, surrounding the Jiangxi Soviet. Mao and his followers burst through Chiang’s blockade and began the 9600-km (6000-mi) Long March to the remote village of Yan’an in northern China. Along the way the marchers stopped at Zunyi, where top Communist officials met to discuss the CCP’s future. Tho oppod to Mao’s plan of peasant revolt and Chine military strategy were criticized, while Mao and his supporter
abs指示灯s gained power and prestige. The Zunyi Conference, as the meeting became known, was a crucial turning point in Mao’s ascendancy to CCP leadership.
From his ba in Yan’an, Mao led Communist resistance against the Japane, who had invaded Manchuria in 1931 and China in 1937. Although the CCP temporarily allied again with the KMT to halt Japane aggression, most resistance against the Japane in northern China came from the Communists. The CCP skillfully organized the peasantry and built up the ranks of the Red Army. Mao further consolidated his leadership over the CCP in 1942 by launching a “Rectification” campaign against CCP members who disagreed with him. Among the were “returned Bolshevik” Wang Ming, who had studied in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), and others, such as the writers Wang Shiwei and Ding Ling. Also while in Yan’an, Mao divorced He Zizhen and married the actor Lan Ping, who would become known as Jiang Qing and play an increasingly important role in the party after 1964.
