外文翻译computerprogram英文
Computer Program
1Introduction
Computer Program, t of instructions that directs a computer to perform some processing function or combination of functions. For the instructions to be carried out, a computer must execute a program, that is, the computer reads the program, and then follow the steps encoded in the program in a preci order until completion.
A program can be executed many different times, with each execution yielding a potentially different result depending upon the options and data that the ur gives the computer.继母的妹妹
Programs fall into two major class: application programs and operating systems. An application program is one that carries out some function directly for a ur, such as word processing or game-playing. An operating system is a program that manages the computer and the various resources and devices connected to it, such as RAM, hard drives, monitors,
keyboards, printers, and modems, so that
they may be ud by other programs. Examples of operating systems are DOS, Windows 95, OS\2, and UNIX.
2Program Development晨会管理制度
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Software designers create new programs by using special applications programs, often called utility programs or development programs. A programmer us another type of program called a text editor to write the new program in a special notation called a programming language. With the text editor, the programmer creates a text file, which is an ordered list of instructions, also called the program source file. The individual instructions that make up the program source file are called source code. At this point, a special applications program translates the source code into machine language, or object code—a format that the operating system will recognize as a proper program and be able to execute.
Three types of applications programs translate from source code to object code: compilers, interpreters, and asmblers. The three operate differently and on different
types of programming languages, but they rve the same purpo of translating from a programming language into machine language.
A compiler translates text files written in a high-level programming language--such as FORTRAN, C, or Pascal—from the source code to the object code all at once. This differs from the approach taken by interpreted languages such as BASIC, APL and LISP, in which a program is translated into object code statement by statement as each instruction is executed. The advantage to interpreted languages is that they can begin executing the program immediately instead of having to wait for all of the source code to be compiled. Changes can also be made to the program fairly quickly without having to wait for it to be compiled again. The disadvantage of interpreted languages is that they are slow to execute, since the entire program must be translated one instruction at a time, each time the program is run. On the other hand, compiled languages are compiled only once and thus can be executed by the computer much more
quickly than interpreted languages. For this reason, compiled languages are more common and are almost always ud in professional and scientific applications.
Another type of translator is the asmbler, which is ud for programs or parts of programs written in asmbly language. Asmbly language is another programming language, but it is much more similar to machine language than other types of high-level languages. In asmbly language, a single statement can usually be translated into a single instruction of machine language. Today, asmbly language is rarely ud to write an entire program, but is instead most often ud when the programmer needs to directly control some aspect of the computer’s function.
Programs are often written as a t of smaller pieces, with each piece reprenting some aspect of the overall application program. After each piece has been compiled parately, a program called a linker combines all of the translated pieces into a single executable program.歙州
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Programs ldom work correctly the first time, so a
如何添加字体program called a debugger is often ud to help find problems called bugs. Debugging programs usually detect an event in the executing program and point the programmer back to the origin of the event in the program code.
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Recent programming systems, such as Java, u a combination of approaches to create and execute programs.
A compiler takes a Java source program and translates it into an intermediate form. Such intermediate programs are then transferred over the Internet into computers where an interpreter program then executes the intermediate form as an application program.
3Program Elements
Most programs are built from just a few kinds of steps that are repeated many times in different contexts and in different combinations throughout the program. The most common step performs some computation, and then proceeds to the next step in the program, in the order specified by the programmer.
