英语,你究竟有多美——英语的词义美(讲座)

更新时间:2023-07-07 22:04:04 阅读: 评论:0

英语,你究竟有多美?
——系列英语讲座之《英语的词义美》
Good morning everyone!
By now everyone of us ,ated here, has learned English at least five years. And I’m sure quite a few of you are tired of English,or dislike it. I think, that’s not your fault, nor your teacher’s fault, either. All becau of our Examination System, also called Exam-oriented Education system(应试教育;对应的“素质教育”是Quality Education).
As we can remember, from the first day when we began learning English we were obliged to remember so many words, so many phas, even so many drills……We were robbed of the right of enjoying the language.  Even today we’re just learning some dead rules of the language. No wonder people call us deaf learners, dumb learners.
In fact, English is one of the most beautiful languages in the world. Quite a lot of meanings cannot be expresd accurately without English. Most words have very colorful meanings,
which make the expressions excellent, even the letters have rich meanings.
我们对词典都不陌生。
狮子的狮自一入学,我们就认识了这位“不说话”的老师。为了便于学字、识字,每个学生都会拥有一本袖珍《新华字典》。到了中学阶段,有了一定的语言素养,开始学习和研究语言了,往往就需要一本比较全面的、容量大一点的词典——《现代汉语词典》。不管是袖珍式的《新华字典》、比较实用的《现代汉语词典》,还是百科全书式的《辞海》、《词源》,其编辑体例基本上是一样的,即首先用尽可能简洁、准确的语言把某个字的本意定义清楚,然后列举并解释与该字有关的常用词组,并适当附之于几个例句,帮助理解。
到了初中,开始比较系统地学习英语了,老师又会给我们举荐一位新的“不说话”的老师——英语词典。初期使用的英语词典一般是英汉词典。英汉词典就是用汉语来解释英语单词或者词组,甚至翻译句子。等到英语水平长进到一定程度,就会发现很多单词或者词组用汉语来解释有点“变味”,达不到原汁英语的那种效果,所以就会用到英英词典,顾名思义,就是用英语来解释英语。还有一种英语词典,融合了以上两种的优点:用母语和外语这两种语言共同来解释,称作是双解词典。
不管是哪种英语词典都比汉语字典“繁杂”得多。列出一个单词的本义之后,即续列其转义,几个,十几个,甚至几十个转义,充斥其间。转义的释义、转义的例词、转义的例句,洋洋洒洒,蔚为壮观。反观汉语,数千年来,循规蹈矩,小心翼翼,唯恐越雷池一步,使用的就是词汇的本义,所谓引申义、比喻义、转义,很少破格使用。
比如“绿”一字,《现代汉语词典》的释义是“像草和树叶茂盛时的颜色,蓝颜料和黄颜料混合即呈现这种颜色。”(至于“春风又绿江南岸”和“大开绿灯”属于古代诗词和现代生活活用,不仅罕见,而且字典上也不曾收录)
随便一本英汉词典对相应英语单词“green”的解释除了上述“绿”的解释外,至少还有以下数条:
1、形容词:(水果)未成熟的,(木材)未干燥的;无经验的,未充分发展的,易受骗的,无训练的;(喻)旺盛的,精力充沛的;……
2、名词:绿色,绿色的东西;(复数)青菜,植物;草原,草地;……
3、派生词: greenery绿叶,绿色草木,葱翠; greenish浅绿色的,带有绿色的;
4、合成词: greengrocer卖蔬菜及水果的商人; greenhorn无经验易受骗的人; greenhou温室,花房; greenstuff蔬菜类;
再如“脚趾”两字,除了其本义“脚趾”之外,还能派上什么用场?自我们学会了这两个字,一生中使用过几次呢?然而打开英语词典,一道别样风景扑面而来
1、名词:脚趾,脚尖
2、不及物动词:踮起脚走,蹑手蹑脚地走
3、形容词:踮起脚走(或站)的;悄悄的,偷偷摸摸的;兴奋的,得意洋洋的;急切的,期待的,紧张的;脚步轻快的;……
4、副词:踮着脚
构成的常用词组:
on  tiptoe踮着脚;关工委工作总结《桥》急切地,期待地,紧张地;悄悄地,偷偷摸摸地……
英语,对其词汇的转义开发,真可谓“竭泽而渔”。一个原本极为寻常的名词居然被开发到如此地步,令人惊叹。
同时,我们也可以看到英语单词的词性转换,可谓易如反掌,一个普通名词居然还可以做动词、形容词、副词!
湖北师范大学是几本不难看出,有了汉语这个参照物,英语的美就显得风姿绰约,楚楚动人!
就词汇而言,英语美在转义!
一词多义,乃语言的共性。英语和汉语概莫能外。一词多义,其立足点应该是词汇本义。
1、有喻体的
英语若不具备易如反掌的词性转换特性,英语的比喻义也不能如此遍地开花。
storm(名词)的本义是a  rough weather condition with wind , rain, and often lightning。用其本义的词汇无论在怎样的上下文中,其意义均固定不变。如:
The islanders were warned that a storm was coming.
再看转义:
His last words brought on another storm.(强烈的反响)
Her singing took Beijing by storm.(轰动)
Their quarrel was just a srorm in a teacup.(小题大做)
词性变化:
椒盐鱿鱼
It stormed so hard that all the electricity went out.(风雨大作)
They decided to storm the enemy camp at night.(突袭)
He stormed at me for five minutes on end.(咆哮)
再品:
Today’s meeting was rather stormy.(颇不宁静)
He was in a stormy mood.(狂怒之中)
He turned back and met her stormy eyes.(愤怒)
2、无喻体的
英语单词的词性转换,几乎可以用“全能”两字写之——竭尽所能,一片灿烂,令汉语“见绌”。北京最新限行规定
I dont want any ifs and buts; do it at once.(我不想听任何拖延的理由,立刻干吧。)
There will be no ifs,  ands, or buts in this matter. (这件事不允许有假设、拖延和反对)
Warm clothes are a must in the mountains.(在山里必须备有厚衣服。)
3、转义,为行文增姿添色,同时也是作者驾驭文字的能力体现。试读:
1、The old lady mothered him during his illness.(母亲般地照料)
2、Investigation fathered the baby on him.(是……的父亲)
两句中的动词谓语mother和father原系名词,现用作动词。表达趋简,形象趋丰,句子趋
美。比较:
1、The old lady took good care of the boy like his mother when he was ill.
2、After the investigation, they decided that he was the father of the baby.
祝长辈生日祝福语
风采顿时。
4、《辞海》对“转义”的释义是:一个词由基本词义派生出来的意义。包括引申义和比喻义两类。所谓“比喻义”,即暗示了其修辞功能。然而,除了比喻之外,还有拟人、夸张等修辞功能。
1、The girls are blooming with health and beauty.(……健康貌美,如盛开之鲜花)
2、A soft wind kisd the treetop.(轻风掠过树梢)
一个人的词汇量毕竟有限。若能善用词汇转义,许多常用词汇便可“以一当十”:
1、他的爸爸正在给锯子锉齿。His father was toothing a saw.
2、他的讲话离题了。His talk branched off from the subject.
3、Sweat pearled her forhead.(额头缀满晶莹的汗珠)
4、They are spooning up mud from the bottom of the lake.(挖淤泥)
leg, foot, no, mouth etc
转义词常含“弦外之音”:
1、All music is alike to Tom.(毫无音乐鉴赏力)
2、His father is now between jobs.(正失业)
请欣赏下面四个句子,体味同一个词在同一个句子中的不同词性和词义:
(1)Never trouble trouble till trouble troubles you. 麻烦没来找你,就别去自找麻烦。
(2)My question will corner the people all corners of the earth.我的问题会难住世界上所有的人。
(3)I saw a saw saw a esaw in a saw mill.(我看见一个锯子在锯厂里锯一个跷跷板。)

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