工程造价专业外文文献翻译（中英文对照
外文文献：
Project Cost Control: The Way it Works
By R. Max Wideman
In a recent consulting assignment we realized that there was some lack of understanding of the whole system of project cost control, how it is tup and applied. So we decided to write up a description of how it works. Project cost control is not that difficult to follow in theory.
First you establish a t of reference balines. Then, as work progress, you monitor the work, analyze the findings, forecast the end results and compare tho with the reference balines. If the end results are not satisfactory then you make adjustments as necessary to the work in progress, and repeat the cycle at suitable intervals. If the end results get really out of line with the baline plan, you may have to change the plan. More likely, there will be (or have been) scope changes that change the reference balines which means tha
t every time that happens you have to change the baline plan anyway.
But project cost control is a lot more difficult to do in practice, as is evidenced by the number of projects that fail to contain costs. It also involves a significant amount of work, as we shall e, and we might as well start at the beginning. So let us follow the thread of project cost control through the entire project life span.
关键的意思
And, while we are at it, we will take the opportunity to point out the proper places for veral significant documents. The include the Business Ca, the
Request for (a capital) Appropriation (for execution), Work Packages and the Work Breakdown Structure, the Project Charter (or Brief), the Project Budget or Cost Plan, Earned Value and the Cost Baline. All of the contribute to the organization's ability to effectively control project costs.
Footnote
舍己为公的意思I am indebted to my friend Quentin Fleming, the guru of Earned Value, for checking and c
orrecting my work on this topic.查毒
The Business Ca and Application for (execution) Funding
速可贷
It is important to note that project cost control is most effective when the executive management responsible has a good understanding of how projects should unfold through the project life span. This means that they exerci their responsibilities at the key decision points between the major phas. They must also recognize the importance of project risk management for identifying and planning to head off at least the most obvious potential risk events.
In the project's Concept Pha
80年代经典老歌
Every project starts with someone identifying an opportunity or need. That is usually someone of importance or influence, if the project is to proceed, and that person often becomes the project's sponsor.
To determine the suitability of the potential project, most organizations call for the prepara
大鲨鱼图片大全tion of a "Business Ca" and its "Order of Magnitude" cost to justify the value of the project so that it
can be compared with all the other competing projects. This effort is conducted
in the Concept Pha of the project and is done as a part of the organization's management of the entire project portfolio.
The cost of the work of preparing the Business Ca is usually covered by corporate management overhead, but it may be carried forward as an accounting cost to the eventual project. No doubt becau this will provide a tax benefit to the organization. The problem is, how do you then account for all the projects that are not so carried forward?
If the Business ca has sufficient merit, approval will be given to proceed to a Development and Definition pha.
In the project's Development or Definition Pha
The objective of the Development Pha is to establish a good understanding of the work involved to produce the required product, estimate the cost and ek capital funding for the actual execution of the project.
In a formalized tting, especially where big projects are in volved, this application for funding is often referred to as a Request for (a capital) Appropriation (RFA) or Capital Appropriation Request (CAR).
This requires the collection of more detailed requirements and data to establish what work needs
在家的英文to be done to produce the required product or "deliverable". From this information, a plan is prepared in sufficient detail to give adequate confidence in a dollar figure to be included in the request.
In a less formalized tting, everyone just tries to muddle th rough.
Work Packages and the WBS
The Project Management Plan, Project Brief or Project Charter
If the deliverable consists of a number of different elements, the are identified and asmbled into Work Packages (WPs) and prented in the form of a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS).
老人临终前的忌讳
