2011年英语二考研真题
Section I U of English
Directions：
Read the following text. Choo the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
The Internet affords anonymity to its urs, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web.
Can privacy be prerved 2 bringing safety and curity to a world that ems increasingly 3 ?
Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a 4 to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might u a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer .and would authenticate urs at a range of online rvices.
The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. Ur could 9 which system to join, and o
nly registered urs who identities have been authenticated could navigate tho systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s licen 10 by the government.
Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have the“single sign-on” systems that make it possible for urs to 11 just once but u many different rvices.
12 .the approach would create a “walled garden” n cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a n of a 13 community.
社区概念
Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs”.
Still, the administration’s plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It ems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet “drive’s licen” mentality.
The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer curity experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They arg
ue that all Internet urs should be 20 to register and identify themlves, in the same way that drivers must be licend to drive on public roads.
1． A.swept B.skipped C.walked D.ridden
2． A.for B.within C.while D.though
3． A.careless B.lawless C.pointless D.helpless
4． A.reason B.reminder C.compromi D.proposal
5． A.information B.interference C.entertainment D.equivalent
6． A.by B.into C.from D.over
7． A.linked B.directed C.chained D.compared
8． A.dismiss B.discover C.create D.improve
9． A.recall B.suggest C.lect D.realize
10． A.relcad B.issued C.distributed D.delivered
11． A.carry on B.linger on C.t in D.log in
12． A.In vain B.In effect C.In return D.In contrast
13． A.trusted B.modernized c.thriving D.competing
托福满分多少14． A.caution B.delight C.confidence D.patience
15． A.on B.after C.beyond D.across
16． A.divided B.disappointed C.protected D.united
17． A.frequestly B.incidentally C.occasionally D.eventually
18． A.skepticism B.relerance C.indifference D.enthusiasm
19． A.manageable B.defendable C.vulnerable D.invisible
20． A.invited B.appointed C.allowed D.forced
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)
Text 1
Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000: a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee; how could she have let tho enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.
Outside directors are suppod to rve as helpful, yet less biad, advirs on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elwhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice bad on having weathered their own cris.
The rearchers from Ohio University ud a databa hat covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the rearchers concentrated on tho “surpri” disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They fount that after a surpri departure, the probability that the company will subquently have to restate earnings incread by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increas, and the stock is likely to perform wor. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subquent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up.” Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.
But the rearchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwi outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.
21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for .
[A]gaining excessive profits
[B]failing to fulfill her duty
驱动单元[C]refusing to make compromis
[D]leaving the board in tough times
22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are suppod to be .
[A]generous investors
[B]unbiad executives
[C]share price forecasters
[D]independent advirs
23. According to the rearchers from Ohio University after an outside director’s surpri departure, the firm is likely to .
[A]become more stable
[B]report incread earnings
[C]do less well in the stock market
[D]perform wor in lawsuits
24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .
[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm
[B]have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm
[C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm
[D]will decline incentives from the firm
瓜子脸发型25. The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is .
[A]permissive
[B]positive
[C]scornful
[D]critical
Text 2
兔子的外形特点描写Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end emed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now em out of date.
In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.
It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refu delivery to distant suburbs. Yet the desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.
Newspapers are becoming more balanced business, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertirs. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japane newspapers are much more stable.
The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.
26. By saying “Newspapers like … their own doom” (Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper .
[A]neglected the sign of crisis
[B]failed to get state subsidies
[C]were not charitable corporations
[D]were in a desperate situation南通洲际绿博园
27. Some newspapers refud delivery to distant suburbs probably becau .
[A]readers threatened to pay less
[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs
[C]journalists reported little about the areas
[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products
28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japane newspapers are much more stable becau they .
[A]have more sources of revenue
[B]have more balanced newsrooms
[C]are less dependent on advertising
[D]are less affected by readership
29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?
[A]Distinctiveness is an esntial feature of newspapers.
[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.
[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.
[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.
30. The most appropriate title for this text would be .
[A]American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival
[B]American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind
[C]American Newspapers: A Thriving Business
[D]American Newspapers: A Hopeless Story
Text 3
We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.
But when it came to their hous, it was a time of common n and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.
Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phra “less is more
”was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War II and took up posts at American architecture schools. The designers came to exert enormous influence on the cour of American architecture, but none more so that Mies.
Mies’s signature phra means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact that a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies’s sophisticated prentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.
The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet-than tho in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular becau of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings’ details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.
The trend toward “less” was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building
more modest and efficient hous-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.
The “Ca Study Hous” commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the “less is more” trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Ca Study Hou, Ralph everyday life – few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers –but his belief that lf-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.
31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans’ .
[A]prosperity and growth
[B]efficiency and practicality
[C]restraint and confidence
[D]pride and faithfulness英子的心
32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?
[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.
[B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II.
[C]Most American architects ud to be associated with it.
[D]It had a great influence upon American architecture.
33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design .
[A]was related to large space
[B]was identified with emptiness
[C]was not reliant on abundant decoration
[D]was not associated with efficiency
34. What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive?
[A]They ignored details and proportions.
[B]They were built with materials popular at that time.企业文化设计
[C]They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.
[D]They shared some characteristics of abstract art.
35. What can we learn about the design of the “Ca Study Hou”?
[A]Mechanical devices were widely ud.
[B]Natural scenes were taken into consideration
[C]Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.
[D]Eco-friendly materials were employed.
Text 4
Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a “Bermuda triangle” of debt, population decline and lower growth.
As well as tho chronic problems, the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that u the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.
Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck becau the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonies.
Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness, barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. The might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU
