大学思辨英语精读Unit 2 Sociological Investigation参考答案

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Unit 2 Sociological Investigation

Text A

Preparatory Work

(1)

Experiment: variable, hypothesis, stimulus, control group

土地权益Survey Rearch: sampling, questionnaire, interview, clo-ended questions, open-ended questions, code sheet, telephone survey

Field Rearch: obrvation, participant

Analysis of Existing Data: content analysis, statistics

(2)

Hawthorne effect: The Hawthorne effect (also referred to as the obrver effect) is a type

of reactivity in which individuals modify or improve an aspect of their behavior in respon to their awareness of being obrved. The original rearch at the Hawthorne Works in Cicero, Illinois, on lighting changes and work structure changes such as working hours and break times were originally interpreted by Elton Mayo and others to mean that paying attention to overall worker needs would improve productivity. This interpretation was dubbed “the Hawthorne effect”.

(3) (open)

Teaching Suggestion

You can u the data banks of the two international organizations to check out the world or any particular country’s information in terms of GDP, population, territory area, human development index etc.

The United Nations ( : data page: World Bank ( : can also u the website of the Statistical Bureau of China to check out any statistical information about China:

Reading

I. Understanding the text

Thesis: How Sociology Is Done (Rearch methods/techniques employed in sociology)

Part	Para(s).	Main idea
I Introduction	1	Sociology as a science and its main rearch methods
II How do you know what you know?	2-9	Authority, tradition, religion, personal experience, and mysticism . scientific methods
III The experiment	10-14	It is a rearch technique in which the rearcher manipulates a stimulus to test theories of cau and effect.
IV Survey rearch擀面杖吹火的歇后语	15-22	It is ud and designed to study samples in order to measure attitudes, beliefs, values, personality traits, and behavior of participants.
V Field rearch	23-29	It is mostly rembles our daily casual obrvations of and participation in social behavior, as well as our attempt to understand such behavior.
VI Analysis of existing data 灯的种类有哪些	30-36 冲动性	It’s a method in which sociologists analyze data originally collected by others
VII Conclusion	37	Thesis repeated: Sociology is a science becau it us scientific rearch methods

(1)“common n”: Common n is a basic ability to perceive, understand, and judge things, which is shared by (“common to”) nearly all people and can reasonably be expected of nearly all people without any need for debate. However, many of the common n beliefs are actually lacking in support from scientific evidences and therefore biad and prejudiced.

(2)Ordinary people often define their reality and what they know through authoritative opinions, traditional beliefs, personal experience, and mysticism (superstition). The major differences between this kind of “common n” view knowledge and the results/facts identified through scientific methods are: the former are not bad on logical reasoning and hard evidences and therefore tend to be subjective and biad while the latter are just opposite.

(3)The three major components of the scientific method are theory, operationalization, and obrvation. Theory provides the foundation for concepts so that statements about th

e relationship among variables can be created. Operationalization allows for the measurement of the variables so that they may be empirically examined. And obrvation involves the actual collection of data to test the hypothesis.

(4)

Types of Social Phenomena	Content
1. Meanings and symbols	Aspects of culture such as norms, worldviews, and language memor
2. Practice	Various kinds of behavior such as voting behaviors or morning rituals (for example, washing one’s face and reading the daily newspaper)
3. Episodes	A variety of events, including divorce, crime, illness, and how people may react during time of disasters, such as earthquakes, floods, or the banning of music television video (MTV)
4. Encounters	Two or more people meeting and interacting in immediate proximity with one another. A good example of this is people riding in an elevator
5. Roles	学美发The positions people occupy and the behavior associated with tho positions: occupations, family roles, ethnic groups
6. Relationships	The kinds of behavior shown in pairs or ts of roles: mother-daughter relationships, friendships, and so on.
7. Groups	Small groups, such as gangs, athletic teams, and work groups.
8. Organizations	Formal organizations, such as corporations or universities
9. Settlements	Smaller-scale “societies” such as villages, ghettos, and neighborhoods

(5)

上海公积金热线

Method & brief description	Advantages	Disadvantages
The 立秋短信experiment is a rearch technique in which the rearcher manipulates a stimulus—the independent variable—to test theories of cau and effect	Excellent devices for testing hypothes about cau and effect (can be repeated and can be quick in identifying results)	Could expo subjects to the possibility of harm Subjects often behave differently under scientific obrvation Laboratory experiments are often highly artificial
Survey rearch is ud and designed to study samples in order to measure attitudes, beliefs, values, personality traits, and behavior of participants.	Can study samples, limited numbers of people reprenting an entire group of people who share similar characteristics Can be designed to measure attitudes, beliefs, values, personality traits, and behavior of participants	It is not the best strategy for studying deviant or undesirable behaviors or for getting at ideas and feelings that cannot easily be reduced to questionnaire form. It is designed to study individuals rather than social contexts.
Field rearch is mostly rembles our daily casual obrvations of and participation in social behavior, as well as our attempt to understand such behavior.	May investigate various types of social phenomena Can reveal things that would not otherwi be apparent The prence of an obrving, thinking rearcher on the scene of the action (acute obrvation)	Cannot be repeated and applied to similar situations The rearchers as participants rely on personal perception and judgement, thus might be biad Might suffer from the Hawthorne effect
Analysis of existing data is a method in which sociologists analyze data originally collected by others. It includes content analysis, the analysis of existing statistics, and historical-comparative analysis.	Wide range of all kinds of data Saving time Saving money	The accuracy of much existing data may be difficult to asss. The potential for error and distortion means that “what you e may not be what you get.”

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