药学英语
一、Physiology and Pathology（P9）生理学与病理学
（一）概念
1、Physiology is the scientific study of function in living systems.（ppt）the study of how living organisms work.(书里)
2、Pathology is a significant component of the causal study of dia and a major field in modern medical practice and diagnosis.(ppt)
the science of dia,which deal with the studies of etiology, pathogenesis, morphologic structures, changes in functions and metabolism in the living organisms by means of natural science.(书里) 3、Pathophysiology is the study of functional changes in the body which occur in respon to dia or injury.a convergence of Pathology with Physiology
4、etiology is the study of causation,or the origination of dias.
5、the pathogenesis of a dia is the mechanism that caus the dia.
6、inflammation is a respon of body tissues to injury or irritation; (刺激）characterized by pain and swelling and redness and heat. （红热胀痛）
(二)思考题
1.How do you understand pathology and pathophysiology?
Pathology is the science of dia
Pathophysiology is the study of functional changes in the body which occur in respon to dia or injury.
2. what is the difference between etiology and pathogenesis?
Etiology is the study of causation, or the origination of dias.
the pathogenesis of a dia is the mechanism that caus the dia 3. Could you explain the symptoms and signs of a dia?
symptoms of a dia(“症”): as certain biologic process are encroached on(侵害) ,the patient beg
ins to feel subjectively that something is wrong., The subjective feelings are called symptoms of dia.
Symptoms are subjective and can be reported only by the patient to an obrver.
signs of a dia（“征”）：when manifestations of the dia can be objectively identified by an obrver, the are terms signs of the dia.
4、what is the pathogenesis of tuberculosis?
组织文化名词解释
the pathogenesis of tuberculosis would include the mechanisms whereby the invasion of the body by tubercle bacillus ultimately leads to the obrved abnormalities
Biochemistry is the study of chemical process in living organisms.
二、Medicinal Chemistry药物化学
刀鱼和带鱼(一)概念
1、Medicinal chemistry(药物化学)is the science that deal with the discovery or design of new therapeutic chemicals and the development of the chemicals into uful medicine.教授在上
二胡怎样揉弦2、Medicine（药品drug, pharmaceutics) is a compound that interacts with a biological system, and produces a biological respon (ideally desired and positive)
3、Therapeutic index（治疗指数）sure of the ratio of undesirable to desirable drug effects. Therapeutic index=LD50/ED50
The larger the Therapeutic index, the greater the margin of safety of drug!
4、LD50（半数致死量）:the lethal do for 50% of the test animals
5、ED50（半数有效量）:the effective do that produces the maximum therapeutic effect in 50% of the test animals.
6、Log P（脂水分配系数）is the ba-ten logarithm of the partition coefficients (分配系数)
7、Chirality（手征性）: a molecule is considered chiral if there exists another molecule that is of identical composition ,but which is arranged in a non-superposable mirror image.
8、Bioisosteres(生物电子等排体): are substituents or groups that have
chemical or physical similarities ,and which produce broadly similar biological properties.
9、Bioisosterism(生物电子等排性) is a lead modification approach that has been shown to be uful to attenuate toxicity （降低毒性）,modify the activity of a lead （修饰活性）and may have a significant role in the alteration of metabolism of the lead.
10、Prodrug（前药）is drug which is given (taken) in an inactive form. Once administered ,the prodrug is metabolized by the body into the biologically active compound.
（二）知识点
琳怎么死的1、The difference of “good” and “bad” drugs:
Depend on dosage and chronic exposure. and therapeutic index can be the measure of safety of drugs
2、classification of drugs
Four main groups:
（1）B y biological effect---varied assortment of drugs
analgesics（止痛剂）,anti-asthmatics（平喘药）,antipsychotics（抗精神病药）etc.
电影魔方
（2）B y chemical structure---common skeleton
Penicillin （青霉素类）,opiates(阿片类药物) etc.
（3）B y target system（靶向系统）----affect a target system(synthesis, relea, receptor)
antihistamine (抗组胺药)etc.
（4）B y target site of action(作用靶点)—target enzyme or receptor Anti-cholinestera (抗胆碱酯酶)
3、Medicinal chemistry involves:rice原则
(1)synthesis (2)structure-activity relationships(SAR)
(3)receptor interactions
(4)absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME)
4、Medicinal chemistry cover 3 critical steps:
● A discovery step
●An optimization step
● A development step安慰自己
5、important functional groups on drugs:
(1)Alkanes&alkenes(烷烃和烯烃) (2)alcohol 醇（3）phenols 酚（4）ethers 醚（5）aromatic hydrocarbons 芳香化合物
6、a drug usually has 3 names:
（1）chemical (化学名)
Mostly following rules by chemical abstracts rvice(CAS)
One compound can only have one name
