C hapter 1
S ynopsis of the Lithium-Ion Battery Markets
R alph J. B rodd
1.1 Introduction
R earch and development of the lithium-ion (Li-Ion) battery system began in the early 1980s at Asahi Chemicals 1and was first commercialized in 1990 by Sony Corp. for the Kyocera cellular phone in the 14,500 and 20,500 cell sizes. 2The fol-lowing year Sony introduced the 18,650 cell in its camcorder. (The nomenclature for cells size: the first two numbers indicate the cell diameter in millimeters and the last three are the cell length in tenths of millimeters.) Since its introduction, the Li-Ion market has grown to about $4 billion in 2005.
T he higher volumetric and gravimetric energy storage capability are key charac-teristics of the Li-Ion battery system compared to the conventional aled nickel–cadmium (Ni–Cd), nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH), and valve-regulated lead acid (VRLA) battery systems (Fig. 1.1 ). For a given cell size, larger values of Wh/l and Wh/kg translate into smaller and lighter cells. The characteristics became the ena
bling technology for the proliferation of portable battery-powered electronic devices, especially notebook computers and mobile phone applications.
道路基层S afety of the system has been a watchword for Li-Ion batteries. They have the ability to lf-destruct if abud. Manufacturers are careful to ensure that the cells are safe in normal operations. In addition, cell designs incorporate features such as devices that shut off current flow when an abu condition aris. The United Nations 3as well as the transportation agency in each country have requirements for testing to ensure a safe product for shipping.
T able 1.1 shows the advantages and disadvantages of the Li-Ion and Li-Ion polymer rechargeable batteries.
R.J. Brodd
B roddarp of Nevada, Inc ,2161 Fountain Springs Drive ,H enderson ,N V 89074 , USA
r alph.brodd@earthlink
跳屏M. Yoshio et al. (eds.), Lithium-lon Batteries, 1 DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-34445-4_1, © Springer Science + Business Media LLC 2009
烙饼怎么做
2 R.J. Brodd
1.2 Prent Market for Li-Ion Cells
L
ithium ion cells rve the small-aled rechargeable battery market and compete mainly with the Ni–Cd and Ni-MH cells for the various applications. The Li-Ion cells are available in cylindrical and prismatic format as well as flat plate constructions. The cylindrical and prismatic constructions u a spiral-wrap cell core where the cell ca maintains pressure to hold and maintain compression on th
e anode, pa-rator, and cathode. The lighter-weight polymer constructions utilize the adhesive
nature of a polymer/laminate-bad electrolyte to bond the anode to the cathode.俄罗斯特色
F ig. 1.1 E nergy density (Wh/l) and specific energy (Wh/kg) for the major small-aled recharge-able battery systems A dvantages D isadvantages • C hemistry with the highest energy (Wh/g) and lightest weight (Wh/kg) •Relatively expensive • No memory effect • Lightest weight • Good cycle life • R equires protection circuitry for safety and to
prevent overcharge and overdischarge
• High energy efficiency • Nominal 3-h charge • Good high-rate capability
• Not tolerant of overcharge and overdischarge
• Thermal runaway concerns
A dded advantages and disadvantages of Li-Ion polymer/laminate cells • Flexible footprint • Limited high rate capability •Plasticized electrolyte •More expensive • Internal bonding of anode • Poor low-temperature performance
• Cathode and parator T able 1.1 A dvantages and disadvantages of Li-ion and Li-ion polymer rechargeable cells
1 Synopsis of the Lithium-Ion Battery Markets 3 As a result, it does not need outside pressure to hold the electrodes in contact with each other. A light-weight polymer-aluminum laminate pouch can substitute for a heavier metal cell enclosure. All three constructions employ the same chemistries.
腰窝是啥T he sales of Li-Ion cells are shown in Table 1.2 .4The Li-Ion market is very competitive. The data for the competing Ni–Cd and Ni-MH cells are included for comparison purpos. The market growth for Li-Ion is spectacular and driven by the proliferation of portable electronic devices such as notebook computers and cellular phone applications. In 15 years between 1991 and 2006 the sales and production of Li-Ion batteries experienced double-digit growth. The slower growth period, around 2000, occurred when cell production in China and Korea began to ramp up and may not have been included in the databa.
I n 1995, an 18,650 cell sold for $8, while in 2006 the same size cell with 2.6 Ah sold for about $4. Over this period the energy density of the cell more than doubled, while the price fell by 50%. The cell producers accomplished the performance improvements through engineering improvements in c
ell design, new carbon mate-rials for the anode, and automated high-speed production to reduce the cost. The Li-Ion market is expected to continue growing as new technology is introduced and new applications develop.
T he major cell manufacturers are listed in Table 1.3 .The Japane manufacturers (Sanyo, Sony, and Matsushita) have a clear lead but the Chine manufacturers (BYD, Lishen) and Korean manufacturers (Samsung and LG Chemical) are challenging. There are no major Li-Ion manufacturers in the United States (or in Europe), even
C ell type
Y ear
1991 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2005 2006a
N i–Cd 1,535 1,823 2,060 1,695 1,394 1,204 935 1,006 935 939 N i-MH 39 100 746 863 848 1,245 667 767 726 891 L i-Ion 110 152 1,292 1,900 2,805 2,458 4,019 3,899 3,790 L am Li-Ion 00002187 299 487 547 657 T able 1.2W orldwide Sales (Million of Dollars) 4
a Estimated
A pplication
C ell type
N i-Cd N i-MH C y Li-Ion P r Li-Ion L am Li-Ion
C ellular 50 898.16 125.85 N otebook 22 422.68 16.34 2.50 M ovie 2467.98 11.91
D igital still camera 56 18.88 48.17 0.94 P ower tools 575 53 20.14 0.08
A udio 80 35 6.99 31.02 45.63 G ames 26.82 14.4 C onsumer 45 300
C ordless phones 190 83
O thers 330 178 22.854 28.98 14.42 T able 1.32005 Worldwide cell demand (Millions of Cells) 4
4 R.J. Brodd though they constitute large markets for devices powered by Li-Ion batteries.
5 Activity in the United States is limited to veral companies that supply the niche medical and military markets.
1.3 Market Characteristics
T he unit cell production for 2005 by product application is given in Table 1.4 . Cellular phone applications dominate the unit cell production. The thin, rectangular polymer/laminate cell construction has found favor in the cellular phone market and now accounts for about 13%, with the rest being the prismatic cell sizes. Notebook computers are cond followed by cameras.
T he period from its introduction in 1991–2002 was a time for establishing the fundamental ba for materials and manufacturing processing. During this period, the processing of the materials, cell designs, and production equipment reached a high level of sophistication. The fundamental underpinning of the technology pro-vided a sound basis for future expansion during the next decade. Problems were identified and methods to solve the problems were developed. From a cell engineer-ing viewpoint, the maximum capacity of an 18,650 cell would be 2.5–2.6 Ah with the materials that were available in 2002. Increa in cell capacity and energy stor-age while maintaining safety would require new materials.
S tarting in 2003, a shift in the market applications began to occur, as depicted in Fig. 1.2 .6In one gment basically the drive to increa capacity and performance for the competitive notebook and cellular phone applications continues. This requires the development and introduction of higher capacity, higher p erformance anode and cathode materials. Several new high-capacity, safer compo
sitions such
as LiMn活动过度
0.3C o
0.3
N i
0.5
O
2
and LiMn张庄矿
0.5
N i
0.5
O
2
cathodes were developed and are in the
process of being put into production. In the same line, new anode materials have been developed, bad on nanostructured lithium alloy anodes. The materials can drive the 18,650 cell capacity over 2.6 Ah and could approach 3.0 Ah in the future.
M anufacturers P ercentage of total
S anyo 27.50
S ony 13.30
S amsung 10.88
M atsushita 10.07
B YD 7.53
L G Chemical 6.45
L ishen 4.52
N EC 3.60
M axell 3.26
O thers 12.89
T able 1.4M ajor Li-ion cell manufacturers, 2005 4
坚持深化改革1 Synopsis of the Lithium-Ion Battery Markets 5
T
he other gment consists of applications that do not require a significant increa in energy storage capability but emphasize lower cost and higher power for new applications such as automotive and power tools. The applications also require new cathode and anode materials to meet the market demands for low cost with high-rate performance. An example of a new material is the LiFePO 4
cathode materials introduced in the market in 2003 by Valence Technology and followed by
A123, which emphasized power tool applications. 7–9
1.4 Consumer Electronics C
ellular telephones and notebook computer applications drove the market and will continue to dominate cell usage. The Bluetooth and 3G mobile phones should expand the market coupled with expansion as people shift to higher performance devices. The market for portable cellular phone and notebook computers is reaching saturation in the United States and Europe where it is expected to grow in parallel with the gross national product. Large growth areas for cellular phones and note-book computers are in Asia, especially the Chine and Indian markets.
M ovie cameras account for about 25% of cell usage. Often cameras are ud intermittently and may sit on the shelf for an extended period before u. The shelf life of the Li-Ion is significantly better than Ni–Cd and Ni-MH cells, the previous battery systems for movie cameras. Digital still cameras are next. They are in the process of transitioning to Li-Ion from alkaline primary and Ni-MH cells. Most primary cells lack the high pul current required for camera operation. Only the primary Li–FeS 2
system gives fully satisfactory performance for digital still camera operation. Notebook computer and cellular phone urs have learned to recharge their batteries on a regular basis so that the device gives the expected rvice. In addition, many mobile phones have a built-in camera and could slow the development of the digital camera market.
F ig. 1.2 A split develops in the Li-ion market
