同类⽐较 except，加 for 异类记⼼间。
He's composition is good, except for some spelling mistakes.
他的这篇作⽂写得很好，只是有⼏处拼写错误。(⾮同类⽐较⽤ except for)
She was all alone in the world except for an old aunt. 除了有⼀个⽼姑妈，她别⽆亲⼈。
Anna felt disappointed when she found out they had gone swimming without her. (without ＝ except) 当安娜发现除她外，他们都去游泳了，她感到很失望。
Lion Head Hill is not worth eing except for its old temples.
除了那些古寺以外，狮头⼭没什么可看的。
Among other things, we are interested in drawing.
我们对图画和别的⼀些东西很感兴趣。(among 之内即包括在内)
原状 becau of, owing to, due to 表语形容词
例：Owing to our joint efforts, the task was fulfilled ahead of schedule.
由于我们的共同努⼒，任务提前完成了。
注：Owing to 和 becau of 都做原因状语，⽽ due to 只能做表语形容词。所以此句。owing to 的介词短语做原因状语。
AII our achievements are due to the correct leadership of our Party.
我们的⼀切成绩都归功于党。(due to 做表语形容词)
Under 后接修、建中，of，from 物化分
例：The road is under repair now．这条路正在修建中。
The now railway is still under construction. 新铁路尚在修筑中。(不能⽤ in)
under discussion 在讨论中(不能⽤ in) under considerate 在考虑中(不能⽤ in)
The desk is made of wood. 桌⼦是⽊头做的。(物理变化⽤ of)
The wine is made from grape. 这种酒是⽤葡萄酿造的。(化学变化⽤ from)
The bridge is made of steel. 这座桥是钢制的。(物理变化)
Steel is made from iron. 钢是由铁炼成的。(化学变化)
before, after 表⼀点，ago, later 表⽰⼀段
即 before, after 常表⽰⼀个点的时间状语，⽽ ago，later 常表⽰⼀段的时间状语。
例如：前天 the day before yesterday; 前年 the year before last; ⼤上星期 the week before last 等等都表⽰点状语的。
要想准确⽆误地使⽤好 before 和 ago, after 和 later ⽐较困难，但要是以“点”和“段”来区别就容易得多。
例：晚饭前 before supper
解放前 before liberation
1970 年前 before 1970
*前 before cultural revolution
国庆前 before National Day
⼊⼤学前 before coming to college
这些都是“点”状语，因为1970年前即1970年1⽉1⽇前。国庆节即10⽉1⽇前。
ago 表⽰⼀段时间。
例：⼀分钟前 a minute ago
半⼩时前 half an hour ago
两天前 two days ago
女人的谎言 ⼀星期前 a week ago
五年前 five years ago
因为 a minute, half an hour, two days, a week, five years 等都表⽰⼀段时间，所以⽤ ago。以及 ten days later 等皆如此。
before 可接完成时，ago 过去级有限
这时的 before 是连词(也可做介词)
例：We had scarcely left our school before it began to rain.
我们刚离开学校，天就下⾬了。(完成时)
I had studied French for four months before I came here.
描写夜景的诗句 我来这⼉以前就已学了四个⽉法语了。(before 接完成时)
He fell ill three days ago.
领导决策
他病了三天了。(ago 则只能接动词过去式，同时注意瞬间动词的问题。)
He left two months ago. 两个⽉前他离开了。（同上)
I met her a few minutes ago. 我在⼏分钟前碰到他了。(同上)
Since 以来 during 间，since 时态多变换
与之相⽐ beside, 除了 last but one。
即 beside 的⼀般⽤法是“在……旁边”, 但还有“和……相⽐”等特殊⽤法。
例：I felt so weak in spoken English beside them. 和他们相⽐，我感到我的⼝语太差。
Beside work and study, all el was trivial. 同⼯作和学习⽐起来，其他⼀切都是⼩事。
除了 last but one，即 but 多指“除了”的意思，也有“倒数第⼏”的意思。last but one 即不是最后⼀个。
段秀实 例：I haven't told anybody but one. 除了我爱⼈，我谁也没告诉。(除了)
Who but a fool would study foreign language well if he is a hard working one.
如果他勤奋好学的话，除了傻⽠谁都能学好外语。(除了)
Look at the last page but one. 请看倒数第2页。
He was the last but three in maths examination this time. 他这次数学考试成绩倒数第四。
They live in the next hou but one. 他们住在隔壁过去⼀家。
复不定 for、找，价，原，对，给，段，去，为，作，赞
复不定 for，即⽤ for 引出的不定式复合结构，也就是 for 加名(代)加不定式；找，意为找到，提供; 价，意为价格、⼯资；原，意为原因；段，意为时间或距离; 去，意为去某地或开往某地；作，意为作为; 赞，意为赞成(⽤于系表结构。)
例：It is high time for us to start. 我们不该再迟延了。
The most urgent thing is for us to get the preparation done.
最重要的事情是我们要把准备⼯作做好。
I don't think it advisable for him to study medicine. 我想她学医不适合。
Your parents and relatives are anxious for you to go to college.
你的⽗母和亲戚渴望你上⼤学。
My home town has changed too much for me to recognize.
历史故事有哪些 我的家乡变化太⼤，简直认不出来了。
以上例句都是 for 在不定式复合结构中的⽤法。
Someone is asking for you on the telephone. 有⼈找你接电话。(找)
You'd better write to me for more information about it.
如需更多这⽅⾯的资科和信息，你给我写信。(提问，索要)
They worked in the company for 200 yuan a month. 他们在这个公司⼲活，每⽉嫌200元。(价格)
How much did you pay for the cond-hand colour TV? 这台⽤过的彩电你花了多少钱？(价格)
Thank you very much for your coming. 谢谢您的光临。(原因)
Thank you for your warm hospitality. 谢谢您的热情款待。(原因)
Forgive me for being tardy. 请原谅我迟到了。(原因)
I'm much obliged to you for telling me. ⾮常感谢你给我谈了这个情况。(原因)
We have boundless admiration for your struggle. 对你们的⽃争我们⽆限钦佩。(对)
Listening comprehension materials are good for training our minds.
听⼒材料对训练我们的脑⼦根有好处。(对)
Take the bitter medicine. It's good for you. 吃下这药吧，对你有好处。(对)
There is a telegram for Mr. Wang. 这有⼀份王先⽣的电报。(给)
May I u it for a minute? 我⽤⼀会⼉好吗?(⼀段时间)
I followed the stealer for some distance. 我跟踪那个⼩偷⼀段路。(⼀段距离)
The ship was for Dalian. 这破船开往⼤连。(去某地)
We are off for Shanghai tomorrow. 明天我们去上海。(去某地)
The medicine is for reducing your temperature. 这药是退烧的。(为……⽬的)
After breakfast, I'll go for a stroll round the town.
吃完饭我要在城⾥到处⾛⾛。(为……⽬的)
I'll keep the lighter given by a foreign friend for a souvenir.
我要把外宾送给我的打⽕机作为纪念。(作为)
It is only meant for a joke. 这只是当笑话说说罢了。(作为)
We are all for cutting down the cost of production. 我们都赞成降低⽣产成本。(赞成)
快到、对、向 towards，⼯、学、军、城、上、北、南
例：It's getting on towards the end of term now. 现在已快到学期未了。(快到)
Towards midnight my husband came back. 快到半夜了我的丈夫才回来。(快到)
Our teacher was very lenient towards us. 我们的⽼师对我们很松。(对)答案搜索
What you have invented is really a big contribution towards our company.摄影基础教程
你所发明的对我们公司确实是⼀⼤贡献。(对)
The boy came running towards his mother. 那个男孩向他母亲跑去。(向着)
所谓⼯、学、军、城、上、北、南，是说 up 和 down 的⽤法。这也是汉英翻译时要注意的。例如：招⼯，上⼤学，参军，进城，
上⼭，向北⽅等都属于 up。⽽相反的下乡，向南，落榜等都属于 down。“⼤军南下，北上抗⽇”⼤概由此⽽来。
but for 否定⽤虚拟，复合介词待后⾔。
but for 是“若不是”的意思。
例：But for our great Communist Party, we could never have today's happiness.
若没有伟⼤的共产党，我们决不会有今天的幸福⽣活。
But for this chemical the vapour inside the system would not have been absorbed so completely. 若没有这个化学剂的作⽤，系统内的蒸汽不可能被吸收得这么彻底。
but for 将在虚拟语⽓中详讲。
以上讲到了某些常⽤介词 in ⽤法，但远远不够，就拿做插⼊语的介词短语来说就数不胜数。以下固定搭配不可随意改动：
例：in general ⼀般说来
in short 简⾔之
in other words 换⾔之
in my opinion 依我看
in simple words 简⾔之
on the whole 基本上
for instance 例如
for short 简称
after all 毕竟
长沙周边
above all ⾸先
此外考试中常出现的成语前置词也须牢记其⽤法。
by appearance 从外表
by the aid of 借……的帮助
by far ……得多
by cour of ……照……常例
