Unit 6 Documentary Credit
A letter of credit ( L/C, or credit ) is the written promi of a bank to act at the request and on the instruction of the applicant and to undertake payment to the beneficiary in the amount specified in the credit, provide that the beneficiary complies with the terms and conditions of the credit.
信用证是指银行应申请人的要求和其指示开立的承诺在受益人履行信用证条款后按信用证
规定的金额付款给受益人的书面保证文件。
一、信用证的有关各方当事人
大红袍茶叶多少钱一斤
There are many parties involved in the L/C operation. They are the applicant, issuing bank, advising bank, beneficiary, negotiating bank, and so on.
信用证操作过程中涉及到许多当事人(方)，他们是申请人，开证银行，通知银行，受益人，
议付银行等
1、applicant(申请人)
An applicant is the party that applies to a bank for opening a letter of credit. An applicant may
also be called “opener”or “accountee”. It is usually the buyer or importer in a contract.
申请人是指向银行申请开立信用证的一方。申请人也称“申请开证人”或“开证申请人”。通常是合同中的买方或进口商。
2、issuing bank (开证行)
An issuing bank refers to the bank that issues a letter of credit at the request of the applicant, and is responsible for payment of the proceeds under an L/C if the terms and conditions of the
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credit are complied with.
开证行应申请人要求开立信用证的银行，并在信用证条款履行后负责支付信用证项下的款
项。
3、advising bank (通知行)
An advising bank is usually a bank in the ller’s country. Of cour, it may also be in a third country.
Upon instructions and entrustment of the issuing bank, the advising bank advis the beneficiary of the L/C.
通知行通常是卖方所在国银行，也可在第三国家。凭开证行的指示和委托，通知受益人相关信用证事宜。
4、beneficiary (受益人)
A beneficiary refers to the party in who favor an L/C is opened and which should comply
with the terms and conditions of the credit in order to receive the proceeds. It usually refers to the ller, the exporter.
受益人是指信用证受益一方，需按信用证条款履行义务以获得付款。通常是指的卖方，或出口商。
5、negotiating bank 议付银行
A negotiating bank is the bank that negotiates the beneficiary’s draft(s).。It may be the advising bank or another bank authorized to negotiate the documents. If there is no specific stipulation in the L/C, the exporter may prent the documentary draft to any bank that is able to
散光是什么do the negotiation.
议付行是对受益人汇票进行议付的银行。议付行可以是通知行或者其他有权议付单证
的银行。如果信用证中无特殊规定，出口商可以向任何银行提交跟单汇票进行议付。
二、信用证基本格式
An L/C can be opened by mail, by cable, or by SWIFT. Although there are no uniform forms covering an L/C, their contents are basically the same。They include all the important terms and conditions of the sales contract signed by the two parties: documents required, the banker’s undertaking claus, and any special conditions in the L/C.
信用证可以通过邮件，电报以及SWIFT格式开立。尽管信用证没有统一的格式，但其内容基本一样。这些基本内容包括所有买卖方双方签署的合同中的重要条款：单证要求，银行
保证条款，以及其他信用证的特别规定。
三：跟单信用证的基本程续的三个基本步骤：
1、issuance of the L/C 信用证开立午睡的好处
The process of a buyer applying for and opening a documentary credit at the issuing bank,
and the issuing bank’s notification of the L/C to the ller through the advising bank.
信用证开立是买方向开证行申请开立信用证，通过通知行向卖方发出开证行开证通知。
2、Amendment to the L/C if necessary 如需对信用证进行修改
The process whereby the terms and conditions of a documentary credit may be modified after the credit has been issued.
在信用证开立后如需对跟单信用证的条款进行更改需进行信用证的修改。
3、utilization and ttlement 使用和支付
The process whereby the ller ships the goods, transfers the documents from the ller to the buyer through banks, and transfers the proceeds from the buyer to the ller through banks in different ways (the ttlement).
这一过程是卖方装运货物，将单证通过因银行转让给买方，并且再由买方通过银行向卖
方通过各种途径付款。
六、信用证的类型
1. Documentary Credits vs. Clean Credits 跟单信用证与光票信用证
If shipping documents are required, the credits are called documentary credits. If shipping documents are not required and only drafts are required, they are called clean credits.
hellokitty壁纸如果信用证附带有装运单据，则称为跟单信用证。如果信用证不附带单据仅附带汇票，则称为光票信用证。
2. Irrevocable Documentary Credits 不可撤销信用证
Irrevocable credits means that once the L/C is opened, it cannot be cancelled or amended within its term of validity without the agreement of the issuing bank, the confirming bank, if any, and the beneficiary.
不可撤销信用证是指信用证一旦开立，在有效期内未经开证行，保兑行以及受益人的同
意不得撤销和更改的信用证。
3. Confirmed vs. Unconfirmed Credits 保兑信用证与不保兑信用证
Under irrevocable documentary credits, depending on whether there is another bank in addition to that of the issuing bank undertaking to pay, an irrevocable letter of credit can be either a confirmed or unconfirmed L/C. If a credit is not confirmed by another bank, it is an unconfirmed L/C.
不可撤销信用证是否为保兑信用证，取决于是否存在除了开证行以外的另外一家银行也
承诺付款，不可撤销信用证可以是保兑或者不保兑信用证。如果信用证无其他银行保兑，
则它是不保兑信用证。
The undertaking to pay is the sole responsibility of the issuing bank. An irrevocable
confirmed documentary credit is one that contains the guarantee of payment to the beneficiary by both the issuing bank and confirming bank so long as the terms and conditions of the credit are met.
开证行唯一的责任是付款。不可撤销保兑信用证即只要满足了信用证条款的要求，开证行和保兑行都可担保向受益人履行付款义务。
4. Sight Credits vs. Time Credits 即期信用证与远期信用证
1)即期信用证
Sight credits mean that the issuing bank or its nominated bank effects payment or negotiation immediately upon receipt of the drafts and/or other documents that are in conformity with the stipulations of the L/C, such as a sight payment credit and sight negotiation credit.
即期信用证是指开证行或者其他指定银行一旦收到与信用证条款相符的汇票或者其他
单据后立即履行付款义务或进行议付的信用证，比如即期付款信用证和即期议付信用证
2) 远期信用证怎样炒虾好吃又简单
A time credit includes the ller’s time credits (deferred payment credits and acceptance credits) and the buyer’s time credits.
远期信用证包括卖方远期信用证(延期付款信用证和承兑信用证)和买方远期信用证
5. 其他类型信用证
Additionally, there are also payment credits (sight payment credit and deferred payment credits), acc
eptance credits, negotiation credits, anticipatory credits, revolving credits, transferable credits, back-to-back credits, and so on.
此外，信用证的其他类型还有付款信用证(即期付款信用证和延期付款信用证)，承兑信用证，议付信用证，预支信用证，循环信用证，可转让信用证，背对背信用证等等。
Unit 7 The Practice of International Ocean Cargo Transportation
一、Transport Geography 运输地理
An international freight forwarder should be familiar with international trade routes。He or she should have knowledge of main traffic routes, location of ports, trans-shipment points and inland centers。A freight forwarder should also have a general idea of the pattern of international trade and its changing trends.
国际货运代理应熟悉国际贸易线路。他(她)应该熟悉主要的交通线路，港口的位置，转
运地和内陆中心。一个货运代理人还应该对国际贸易的模式和其改变的趋势有一个整体的
概念。
二、Different Types of shipping rvices 不同类型的海上运输服务
不怕困难的成语The international shipping market offers four types of rvice, namely, conference lines, non-conference lines, non-vesl operation common carriers and tramp rvice.
国际海上运输市场提供了四种类型的服务，即班轮公会运输，非班轮公会运输，无营运船公共承运人和不定期船运输
Conference Lines 班轮公会运输
A shipping conference is a group of shipping lines operating in any particular route under agreement to provide a scheduled rvice with a common tariff and a fixed itinerary of ports of
call.
班轮公会是按预定的船期表在特定的航线上从事营运的班轮公司的组织，具有共同的费率表、固定的挂靠港。
The purpo of a shipping conference is to eliminate price competition among member lines and reduce outside competition by trying to capture most of the traffic for member lines through loyalty arrangements with shippers.
班轮运输的目的是消除会员公司之间在运价上的竞争，通过与托运人之间达成的忠诚协议为
会员争取大量货源，以减少外部竞争。
对于托运人来说班轮公会运输的优势
1. Stability of freight rates.稳定的运费率
2. Regularity of rvices.定期的运输服务
班轮公会运输的缺点
1. Rates are usually high. 费率一般很高
2. Rates do not fluctuate according to supply and demand as in a tramp rvice.
费率不会像不定期船那样随供求关系的变化而变动。
3. Rules and procedures are inflexible.规则和程序不灵活
Non-conference lines 非班轮公会运输
In recent years, along most international routes, non-conference lines have pod a challenge to conference system。This is attributable to the development of containerization and emergence of many independent carriers。As a result, along some routes, the conference lines have been forced to come to terms with the non-conference lines in regard to rates, and terms and condition
of rvice.
近几年，出现在大多数国际航线上的非班轮公会运输，对班轮公会提出了挑战。这是由于集装箱运输和许多独立承运人的出现。结果航运公会被迫在运价、运输条件上和非班轮公
会公司达成协议。
Non-vesl operating common carrier (NVOCC) 无营运船公共承运人
An NVOCC is a carrier who operates a regular scheduled rvice. He does not own or operate the vesls by which a transportation is provided。Although the NVOCC is a carrier in his relationship with the actual shipper, he is a shipper in his relationship with the actual carrier.。He assumes the role of the principal and performs veral functions。He assumes responsibility for ocean carriers, both conference and non-conference lines。He renders a uful rvice by providing groupage or co
nsolidation rvices, particularly to small shippers who do not have much bargaining power in negotiating rates.
无船承运人是从事定期营运的承运人，但并不拥有或经营海上运输所需的船舶。尽管无船承运人相对于实际托运人是承运人，而相对于实际承运人是托运人。(无船承运人)担任负责人的角色并履行一些职责。对海上承运人负责，包括班轮运输和非班轮运输。通过提供拼箱或集运服务给予托运人有效的服务，特别是对那些在谈判价格中没有多少讨价还价能力的小的
托运人
Tramp rvice 不定期船运输
Tramp rvice has no fixed itinerary or schedule and is operated on any route according to supply and demand.。Tramp vesls are usually chartered at negotiated rates, particularly when the
quantity of cargo is large.
有关雨的词语
不定期船运输没有固定的路线或者船期表，根据供求情况在任何线路上营运。通常是在谈判价格下租赁不定期船船舶，特别是当货物的数量很大的时候。
三、Shipping documents 货运单证
The documents commonly ud in carriage of goods by a are bills of lading, a waybills, manifests, shipping notes, delivery orders and mate’s receipts.
海上货物运输常用的单证包括提单、海运单、舱单、托运单、提货单和大副收据。
bill of lading 提单
The bill of lading by itlf is not a contract of carriage as it is signed only by the carrier. However, it provides evidence of contract of carriage。It rves as a receipt for goods delivered to the carrier。Besides, the bill of lading rves as a document of title enabling the goods to be transferred from the shipper to the consignee or any other party by endorment.
提单本身不是运输合同，因为它只是由承运人签署的。但它是海上运输合同的证明。提单是货物交付给承运人的收据。另外，提单可作为物权凭证，使提单通过背书，将货物的所有
权从托运人转移到收货人或者其他方手中。
Sea waybill 海运单
A a waybill is the replacement of the traditional ocean bill of lading。The waybill is a non-negotiabl
e document and made out to a named consignee who is allowed, upon production of proper identification, to claim the goods without prenting the waybill。
海运单替代了传统的海洋提单。海运单是一种不可流通的单证，且填写了经承认的指定收
货人，在提供了货物身份证明后，无须出示提单即可提货。
Cargo manifest 货物舱单
A cargo manifest provides information regarding cargo on board。A freight manifest gives information regarding freight rates, surcharges, rebates, etc。The manifest is prepared by the carrier’s agent but the freight forwarder has to handle it while dealing with the customs and port authorities.
货物舱单提供已装船货物的信息。货物舱单提供了运费，附加费，折扣等的信息。货物舱
单是由承运人代理准备的，但是货运代理人必须持有货物舱单与海关和港务局(办理货物进出口)。
Shipping note 托运单
A shipping note is issued by the shipper to the carrier requesting allocation of shipping space。It is a commitment on the part of the shipper to ship the goods and rves as the basis for the preparation of the bill of lading.
托运单是托运人签发给承运人要求分配舱位的单证。托运单是托运人委托运输货物，作为准备提单的基础。
Delivery order 提货单
A delivery order is issued by the carrier or his agent to enable the consignee or his forwarding agent to take delivery of the cargo (import cargo) from the vesl.
提货单是由承运人或其代理签发给收货人或其代理，使后者能够从船上提货。
Mate’s receipts 大副收据
A mate’s receipt is the receipt issued by the carrier in the acknowledgement of the goods received on board (export cargo) which is subquently exchange for the bill of lading.
大副收据是由承运人签发，是对货物装船的确认，以后可用大副收据换取提单。
