2019 一模海淀 C
GOING TO UNIVERSITY is supposed to be a mind-broadening experience. That statement is probably made in comparison to training for work straight after school, which might not be so encouraging. But is it actually true? Jessika Golle of the University of Tübingen, in Germany, thou鸡肉卷的做法ght she would try to find out. Her result, however, is not quite what might be expected. As she reports in Psychological Science this week, she found that tho who have been to university do indeed seem to leave with broader and more inquiring minds than tho who have spent their immediate post-school years in vocational (职业的) training for work. However, it was not the ca tha四年级英语手抄报t university broadened minds. Rather, work seemed to narrow them.
Dr. Golle came to this conclusion after she and a team of colleagues studied the early careers of 2,095 German youngsters. The team used two standardized tests to assess their
volunteers. One was of personality traits, including openness, conscientiousness （ 认 真 ） and so on. The other was of attitudes, such as realistic, investigative and enterprising. They administered both tests twice—once towards the end of each volunteer’s time at school, and then again six years later. Of the original group, 382 were on the in跆拳道基础入门termediate track, from which there was a choice between the academic and vocational routes, and it was on the that the researchers focused. University beckoned for 212 of them. The remaining 170 cho vocational training and a job.
When it came to the second round of tests, Dr. Golle found that the personalities of tho who had gone to university had not changed significantly. Tho who had undergone vocational training and then got jobs were not that much changed in personality, either—except in one crucial respect. They had become more conscientious.
That sounds like a good thing, certainly compared with the common public image of undergraduates as a bunch of lazybones. But changes in attitude that the researchers recorded were rather worrying. In the university group, again, none were detectable. But t
ho who had chosen the vocational route showed marked drops in interest in tasks that are investigative and enterprising in nature. And that might restrict their choice of careers.
Some investigative and enterprising jobs, such as scientific research, are, indeed beyond the degreeless. But many, particularly in Germany, with its tradition of vocational training, are not. The researchers mention, for example, computer programmers and finance-sector workers as careers requiring the traits. If Dr. Golle is correct, and changes in attitude brought about by the very training Germany prides itself on are narrowing people’s choices, that is indeed a matter worthy of serious consideration.
38. Which of the following can best replace “beckoned for” in Paragraph 2?
A. Examined. B. Attracted. C. Organized. D. Recognized.
39. What can we learn from the research?
A. The degreeless have not changed in personalities.
B. Going to university is a mind-broadeni苹果手机省电模式ng experience. C. Working straight after school narrows people’s minds. D. College students pride themselves on their education.
40. According to the last two paragraphs, . A. college students enjoy a very good public image
B. the undergraduates have changed significantly in attitude
C. the degreeless are much better at dealing with challenging tasks
D. people show less interest in investigative jobs due to vocational training
41. What is the author’s attitude towards the finding?
A. Concerned. B. Optimistic. C. Unclear. D. Sceptical.
2019 一模海淀 D
Smile! It makes everyone in the room feel better becau they, consci大提琴名曲ously or unconsciously, are smiling with you. Growing evidence shows that an instinct for facial mimicry( 模 仿 ) allows us to empathize with and even experience other people’s feelings. If we can’t mirror another person’s face, it limits our ability to read and properly react to their expressions. A review of this emotional mirroring appears on February 11 in Trends in Cognitive Sciences.
In their paper, Paula Niedenthal and Adrienne Wood, social psychologists at the University of Wisconsin, describe how people in social situations copy others’ facial expressions to create emotional responses in themselves. For example, if you’re with a friend who looks sad, you might “try on” that sad face yourself without realizing you’re doing so. In “trying on” your friend’s expression, it helps you to recognize what they’re feeling by associating it with times in the past when you made that expression. Humans get this emotional meaning from facial expressions in a matter of only a few hundred milliseconds.
“You reflect on your emotional feelings and then you generate some sort of recognition judgment, and the most important thing that results in is that you take the appropriate action—you approach the person or you avoid the person,” Niedenthal says. “Your own emotional reaction to the face changes your perception of how you see the face in s为什么英语uch a way that provides you with more information about what it means.”
A person’s ability to recognize and “share” others’ emotions can be prevented when they can’t mimic faces. This is a common complaint for people with motor diseases, like facial paralysis(瘫痪) from a stroke, or even due to nerve damage from plastic surgery. Niedenthal notes that the same would not be true for people who suffer fro我的初三m paralysis from birth, becau if you’ve never had the ability to mimic facial expressions, you will have developed compensatory ways of interpreting e孤独老人motions.
