专业英语
考试内容：单词10分句子翻译24分根据课文回答问题24分英译汉药品说明书21分翻译汉译英摘要21分
Unit 11 Tablet (The Pharmaceutical Tablets Dosage Form)药片（医药片剂剂型）
Role in Therapy
A: The oral route of drug admininistration is the most important method of administering drugs ofr systemic effects.Except in cas of Insulin therapy.the parenteral route is not routinely ud for lf-administration of medication.The topical route of administration has only recently been employed to deliver drugs to the body for systemic effects,with two class of marketed products:Nitroglycerin for the treatmint of angina and scopolamine for the treatment of motion sickness.Other drugs are certain to follow,but the topical route of administration is limited in its ability to allow effective drug absorption for systemic drug action.
A：口服给药是全身效应用药方法中最为重要的。除了胰岛素治疗，非肠道药途径不常用在自我服药方面。局部给药途径只是最近才被应用到身体药物输送达到系统效应。有两类上市药物（应用到该方法）：治疗心绞痛药物的硝酸甘油和治疗眩晕病的莨菪胺。其他药粉也效用此法，但局部给药途径受系统药物作用的药物有效吸收能力的限制。
B:The parenteral roue of administration is important in treating medical emergencies in which a subject os comato or cannot swallow,and in providing various types of maintenance therapy for hospitalized patients.
B：注射给药在处理病人昏迷或者不能吞咽的紧急情况和各种保守治疗的就医病人时十分重要。
Nevertheless,it is probable that at least 90% of all drugs ud to produce systemic effects are addministered by the oral rote .
C:When a new drug is discovered,one of the first quedtions a pharmaceutical company asks is whether or not drug can be effectively administered for its intdended effect by the oral route.If it cannot,the drug is primarily relegated to administration in a hospital tting or physician’s office.If patient lf-admnistration cannot be achieved,the sales of the drug constitute only a small fraction of what the market would be otherwi.
C：当一种新药被研制出来，制药公司首先考虑的一个问题就是，这种药物是否可以口服。如果这种药物不能口服，它将被交给医院或医师来管理。如果病人不能自己服药，这种药物的市场前景会比口服小得多。
Of drugs that are addministred orally,solid oral dosge forms reprent the preferred class of product.The reasons for this preference are as
Q1:How many kinks of the route of drug administration are there?Can you prent the usual dosage form of the drug that are administered orally?
Q2:Why does the solid oral dosage form reprent the preferred class of drugs that are administered orally?
Q3:Why do people make liquid dosage form of drug?
,liquids are less portable and require much more space per number of dosage on the pharmacist’s shelf.
D:Drugs are in general less stable (both chemically and physically)in liquid form than in a dry state and expiration dates tend to be shorter .Careful attention is required to assure that the product will not allow a heavy microbiologic burden to develop on standing or under or under normal conditions of u once opened(preration requirements).
D：一般来说，药物在液态比固态片剂更不稳定（无论是化学性质还是物理性质），保质期都缩短。需要特别注意的是确保产品一旦打开后，在存放时或常规使用下避免受到严重的微生物污染。
Properties
Q4:What is the bjective of design and manufacture of the sompresd tablet?
Q5:What is important aside from the physical and chemical propertices of the medicinical agent(s) to the formulated into a tablet?
E:
E：设计和制造扁平药片的目的是通过口服给药，把正确剂量适当形态的药物在适当的（或维持适当的）时间范围内送到指定的目标位置并保持其化学稳定性。
Aside from the physical and chemical properties of the medicinal agent(s) to be formulate into a tablet
Q6:What physical properties should tablet have?How the physical properties effect on bioavailability?
F：药物科学家现在认识到，片剂的不同物理性质会通过改变药物周围的环境或压力条件显著地影响生物药效率，这样一些药物作用体系中物理稳定性比化学稳定性更加重要和需要关注。野杜鹃
溃退Q7:How to arrange the medicine effects and physical aspects?
三十六计大全On the other hand , the tablet(1) must be able to relea the medicinal agent(s) in the body in a predictable and reprouducible manner
example of this point ,Meyer and associates prent informantion on 14 Nitrofurantoin products,all of this which pasd the compendia physical requirements,but showed statistially,significant bioavailbility differences.
1、Why do people make liqaid dosage form of drug in Unit 11?
Unit 12 Manufacture of Tablets 药片的生产制造
Tablet Design and Formulatiom 药片的设计与制造
A: The three basic methods of tablet manufacture have been previously detailed,the desirable prope
rties and required features of granulations(成粒) and tablets defined,and the interrelationships（相互关系）between many
of the properties and the processing and machine variables（变量）noted.
A：先前已经详细介绍了三种基本的片剂制造方法，对成粒和成片中适合的、必须的特性作了详细说明，对这些要素之间的关系，处理过程各机械变量进行了注解。
Q1:what are the nondrug components in tablets and what are their functions?
草根创业
B:Some tablet formulations may additionally require a flow promoter.
B：一些药片还需要流动性促进剂。
C:Other more optional components include colorants,and in chewable tablets,favors and sweeteners.
All nondrug components if a formula are termed excipients.
C：其他的一些可选择的组分包括着色剂，可咀嚼的药片需要调味剂和甜味剂，所有非药组分术语为赋形剂。
Tablet Granulations 药片成粒
Basci Characteristics 基本特征Q2:what characteristics should tablet materials have?and why?
Q3:How to asss the shape of particles and their relative regulatity or approximation to spheres?
D: The charateristics of a tablet that made it a popular dosage ,compactness,physical stability,rapid production capability,chenical stability,and effiicacy,are in general dictated prinarily by the qualiti of the granulation from which it is made .
D：使片剂成为流行的用药形式的一些特征，如紧密，药理稳定性，高生产效率，化学稳定性和高效性，大体上主要是由成粒材料的品质决定的。
E:As previously discussde,good flow propeties are esntial for the transport of the material through the hopper,into and through the feed frame,and into the dies.
E：如前边讨论的，好的流动性是药品通过漏斗进入配料池和磨具进行传输的基础。
Tablet materials should therefore be in aphysical form that flows smoothly and uniformly.Theideal physical form for this purpo is spheres,since the offer minimum contact surfaces between themlves and with the walls of the machine parts .维c能美白吗
F:Unfortunately,most materials do not easily form spheres;However,shapes that approach spheres improve flowbility.Therefore granulation is in part the pharmaceutical process that attempts to improve the flow of powdered materials by forming spherelike or regularly shaped aggregates called granules.F：不巧的是，大多数药品 不易成球；不过近似球体也会增加流动性，因此制药过程包含把粉末状的药物制成类球状或规则形状以增加其流动性的成粒过程。
The need to asss the shape of particles and their relative regularity or approximatin to spheres has led to the development of equations
2/p s d S =α3/p v d V =αv
s vs ααα/=
The other desirable characteristic,compressibility,is the property of forming a stable,compact mass when pressure is applied.The requisite physical properties and the forces that hold the tablet together are discusd in Chapter 4.“Compression and Consolidation of Powdered Solids.”The consideration of compressibility in this discussion is limited to stating that granulation is also the pharmaciutial process that converts a mixture of powders,which have poor cohesion,into aggregates capable of compaction.
Manufacture of Granulations 成粒工艺
Dry Manufacturing Methods 干法成粒Q4:What metheds are ud to granulations for drug tablets?
Wet Granulation 湿法成粒Q5:What are the unique portions of wet granulation process?
G:
G：湿法成粒工艺与前边提到的两种成粒工艺具有相同的准备和完成步骤（筛（磨粉）和混合）。湿法制粒的独特部分包括湿法聚集药粉，湿法胶料（磨粉）和烘干。
H:The theory,equipment,and methods associated with drying are discusd in Chapter 3.Methods.Wet granulation forms the granules by binding the powders together with an adhesive , in
stead if by compaction ,The wet granulation technique employs a solution,suspension,or slurry cimtaining a binder ,which is usually added to the powder mixture;However,the binder may be incorporated dry into the powder mix ,and the liquid may be added by itlf.
H：烘干的理论设备和方法在第3章方法中讨论湿法是用粘合剂成粒而不是用挤压法成粒。湿法成粒技术粘合剂以溶液、悬浮液成浆形式加入到药粉中，但是粘合剂可能使药粉变干，需加入上些液体维持湿度。
Q6:How to add binder to the drug powers?
形容微笑的词语
solubility of the binder also has an influence on the choice of methods,cince the solution should be fluid enough to disper readily in the mass.
The wet screening process involves converting the moist mass into coar,granular aggregate by passage through a hammer mill or oscillating granulator,equipped with screens having large perforations.The purpo is to further consolidate granules,increa particle contact points,and increa surface area to facilitate drying.Overly wet material dries slowly and forms hard aggregates,which tend to turn to powder during subquent dry milling.There are many instances in which wet milling may be omitted,with considerable saving of time.The formulator should be alert the opportunities and not follow the old method blindly.
I: A drying process is required in all wet granulation procefures to remove the solvent that was ud in forming the aggregates and the reduce the moisture content to an optimum level of cincentration within the granules.During drying,interparticulate bonds result from fusion or recrystallization and curing of the binding agent,with van der Waals forces playing a significant role.
I；所有的湿法制粒过程都包含烘干过程来除去形成聚集体时引入的溶剂和把药粒中的水分控制到最好的水平，烘干过程中主要通过范德华力来调节药粒中通过溶解、重结晶和加工等粘合过程所形成的化学键。
Aftrt drying,the granulation is screened again.The size of the screen depends upon the grinding equipment ud and the size of the tablet to be made .
Q7:How to make drugs by wet granulation technique?
Unit 16 Reactor Technology 反应器工艺
Q1:what are the focus of reactor technology?
A :Reactor technology compris the underlying principles of chemical reaction engineering (CRE) and the practices ud in their
.Reactor designs evolve from the pursuit of new products and us,higher conversion,more favorable reaction lectivity,reduced fixed and operating costs,intrinsically safe operation,and environmentally acceptable processing.
脑筋急转弯大全爆笑>梯形的公式A: 应器工艺学由化学反应工程学的基础理论和实践组成，反应堆工艺学的重点为反应器构成，运行条
件，外部运行环境，发展史工业应用和重大的演变。反应器的设计追求新产品和新应用，高转化率，高选择性，降低维护和操作成本，运行安全和环境允许等。
Q2:what do reactor technology include?
B:
B：反应器工艺学除了包含化学计算和动力学，还包括加入原料和取出产品的心要条件。有效地供给和取走热量，调和相变和物质
传递，保证反应物的有效接触，保证催化剂的补充和再生。必须考虑原料和产物的物理状态（气态、液态、固态和联合体）化学
反应的特征（反应物的深度、反应途径和速度操作条件，热量的加入和取出）所用催化剂的性质（活性，寿命、物理状态）反应
物有效接触和产物取出的条件（流体特性、传递现象、混合条件和分离装置）。
Q3:what are the central focu in applying reactor technology?
C:
reatant conversion and product lectivity,and economic and environmental considerations.
C: 所有因素相互依赖需要一同考虑，在应用反应堆工艺学时反应物的有效接触和产品的取出是核心，其他要素按反应物的初选，理论的原料和产出比的条件，经济和环境上的考虑。
2、How to make drugs by wet granulation technique?
3、How to asss the shape of particles and their relative reqularity or apporximation to shapes?
Reactor Types and Characteristics 反应器的类型和特征
D: Specific reactor characterics depend on the particular u of the reactor as a laboratory pilot plant,or industrial unit . All reactors have in cmmon lected characteristecs of four basic reactor types:the well-stirred batch reactor,the mibatch reactor,the continuous-flow stirred-tank reactor,and the tubular reactor(Fig.1)
D: 反应器的特征取决于它的用途（实验室、小规模试验性生产、工厂）所有的反应按选择性分4类：搅拌好的炉型反应器、类炉型反应器、持续流动的滚筒反应器和管状反应器
Batch reactor (炉型反应器)
Q5:What are their advtages and shortcomings and why?
Q4:what kind of reactor is mentioned in this part and what kind of u does it have ?
A batch reactor is one in which a feed material is treated as a whole for a fixed period of time.Batch reactors may be preferred for small-scale production of high priced products,particularly if many quential operations are employed to obtain high product yields ,e.g.,a proccess requiring a complex cycle of temperature-pressure-reactant additions.Batch reactors also may be justified when multiple,low volume products are produced in the same requirement or when continnous flow is diffcult,as it is with highly or sticky solids-laden ,in manufacture of polymer resins where molecular weight and product quality are mardedly affected by increasing viscosity and heat removal demands.Becau residence times can be more uniform in batch reactors,better yields and higher letivity may be obtained than with continuous reactors.This advantage exists when undersired reaction products inhibit the reaction,side reactions are of lower order than that desired,or the product is an unstable or reactive intermaediate.
