大学英语六级分类模拟题466
(总分467, 做题时间90分钟)
Part Ⅰ Writing
1.
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Electronic Waste. You should write at least 150 words following the outlines given below in Chine:
1．废弃的电子产品越来越多；
2．如何正确处理这些电子产品。
Electronic Waste
Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Section A 青花瓷碗图片
How "Second Brain" Influences Mood and Well-Being
A. As Olympians go for the gold in Vancouver, even the steeliest are likely to experience that familiar feeling of "butterflies" in the stomach. Underlying this nsation is an often-overlooked network of neurons (神经元) lining our guts that is so extensive some scientists have nicknamed it our "cond brain". A deeper understanding of this mass of neural tissue is revealing that it does much more than merely handle digestion or inflict the occasional nervous pang. The little brain in our gut, in connection with the big one in our head, partly determines our mental state and plays key roles in certain dias throughout the body.
B. Although its influence is far-reaching, the cond brain is not the at of any conscious thoughts or decision-making. "The cond brain doesn"t help with the great thought proc
ligion, philosophy and poetry is left to the brain in the head," says Michael Gershon, chairman of the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology at New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Medical Centre, author of the 1998 book The Second Brain.
C. Technically known as the enteric (肠的) nervous system, the cond brain consists of covers of neurons embedded in the walls of the long tube of our gut, which measures about nine meters end to end. The cond brain contains some 100 million neurons, Gershon says. This multitude of neurons in the enteric nervous system enables us to "feel" the inner world of our gut and its contents. Much of this neural **es to bear in the elaborate daily grind of digestion. Breaking down food, absorbing nutrients, and expelling of waste requires chemical processing, mechanical mixing and rhythmic muscle contractions that move everything on down the line.
D. Thus equipped with its own reactions and ns, the cond brain can control gut behavior independently of the brain, Gershon says. We likely evolved this intricate web of nerves to perform digestion and ejection "on site," rather than remotely from our brains th
rough the middleman of the spinal cord (脊髓). "The brain in the head doesn"t need to get its hands dirty with the messy business of digestion, which is delegated to the brain in the gut," Gershon says. He and other rearchers explain, however, that the cond brain"s complexity likely cannot be interpreted through this process alone.
E. "The system is way **plicated to have evolved only to make sure things move out of your bowel," says Emeran Mayer, professor of physiology, psychiatry and biobehavioral sciences at the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). For example, scientists were shocked to learn that about 90 percent of the fibers in the primary gut nerve, the vagus (迷走神经), carry information from the gut to the brain and not the other way around. "Some of that information is decidedly unpleasant," Gershon says.
F. The cond brain informs our state of mind in other more obscure ways, as well. "A big part of our emotions are probably influenced by the nerves in our gut," Mayer says. Butterflies in the stomach—signaling in the gut as part of our physiological stress respon, Gershon says—is but one example. Although gastrointestinal (胃肠的)(GI) cha
os can sour one"s moods, everyday emotional well- being may rely on messages from the brain below to the brain above. For example, electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve—a uful treatment for depression—may mimic the signals, Gershon says.
G. Given the two brains" commonalities, other depression treatments that target the mind can unintentionally impact the gut. The enteric nervous system us more than 30 neurotransmitters, just like the brain, and in fact 95 percent of the body"s rotonin (血清素) is found in the bowels. Becau antidepressant medications called lective rotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) increa rotonin levels, it"s little wonder that meds (椎间盘镜) meant to cau chemical changes in the mind often provoke GI issues as a side effect. Irritable bowel syndrome—which afflicts more than two million Americans—also aris in part from too much rotonin in our guts, and could perhaps be regarded as a "mental illness" of the cond brain.
H. Scientists are learning that the rotonin made by the enteric nervous system might also play a role in more surprising dias: In a new Nature Medicine study published online February 7, a drug that inhibited the relea of rotonin from the gut counteracted
the bone-deteriorating dia osteoporosis (骨质疏松症). "It was totally unexpected that the gut would regulate bone mass to the extent that one could u this regulation to cure osteoporosis," says Gerard Karnty, lead author of the study and chair of the Department of Genetics and Development at Columbia University Medical Centre.
I. Serotonin penetrating from the cond brain might even play some part in autism (孤独症), the developmental disorder often first noticed in early childhood. Gershon has discovered that the same genes involved in synap formation (突触形成) between neurons in the brain are involved in the digestive synap formation. "If the genes are affected in autism," he says, "it could explain why so many kids with autism have GI motor abnormalities in addition to elevated levels of gut-produced rotonin in their blood."
J. Down the road, the blossoming field of neurogastroenterology will likely offer some new insight into the workings of the cond brain—and its impact on the body and mind. "We have never systematically looked at the enteric nervous system in relating damages in it to dias like they have for the central nervous system", Gershon says. One day, p
erhaps there will be well-known connections between dias and damages in the gut"s nervous system as some in the brain and spinal cord today indicate multiple sclerosis
K. Cutting-edge rearch is currently investigating how the cond brain mediates the body"s immune respon; after all, at least 70 percent of our immune system is aimed at the gut to expel and kill foreign invaders. UCLA"s Mayer is doing work on how the trillions of bacteria in the gut "communicate" with enteric nervous system cells (which they greatly outnumber). His work with the enteric nervous system has led him to think that in coming years psychiatry (精神病学) will need to expand to treat the cond brain in addition to the one above the shoulders.
L. So for tho physically skilled and mentally strong enough to compete in the Olympic Games—as well as tho watching at home—it may well necessary for us all to pay more heed to our so-called "gut feelings" in the future.
1.
The cond brain does not deal with the activities of advanced thinking.
2.
Some scientists have called the network of neurons in guts the "cond brain".
高清投影仪
南浦别白居易
3.
Apart from elevated levels of gut-produced rotonin in their blood, children with autism are believed to have GI disorder.
素三鲜馅
4.
Meds often provoke GI issues as a side effect becau SSRIs increa rotonin levels.
5.
洋酒十大排名玫瑰花英文The author suggested that it is necessary for everyone to pay more attention to "gut feelings".
6.
Cutting-edge rearch is now focusing on the way the cond brain adjusts the body"s immune respon.
7.
Many of our emotions may be affected by the cond brain.
8.
The cond brain with its own reactions and ns can give direction to gut behavior independently.
希望小学
9.
It will soon be necessary for psychiatry to treat both the brain in the head and the cond brain.
10.
The cond brain enables us to feel the inner world of our gut through a multitude of neurons.
Section B
Passage One
As fans enjoy football"s (soccer"s) month-long World Cup, Brazilian authorities are plead over the boost they say the tournament is giving the country"s economy. However, independent analysts who study such events are less enthusiastic. The 2014 World Cup has injected an estimated $15 billion into the Brazilian economy and created many jobs.
Regarding the human legacy, the numbers are extraordinary: the creation of one million jobs in the country due to this great event, one million jobs or 15 percent of all the jobs created this year in Brazil.
The government has invested $11 billion in stadiums and infrastructure and another $2 billion in curity. It is expected to spend billions more preparing for the 2016 Olympic games in Rio.
But an analyst who studies such great events, Architecture and Urbanism Professor at Ri
o de Janeiro"s Fluminen Federal University, Chris Gaffney, believes the figures are exaggerated. "I don"t think that they"ve invested enough money to create tho kinds of permanent jobs. In the scale of the Brazilian economy, we"re not looking at that much money being invested. It"s 30 billion dollars invested in a $1 trillion economy."
Another expert, Lisa Delpy Neirotti of George Washington University"s business school in the United States, says the real economic benefits of such events are less tangible and more long-term. "There"s a lot of transfer of knowledge," she said. "People are learning more about hospitality. There"s also the broadcast center where they"re being trained in how to u technology. And so I think it"s in the media ctor, a lot in the hospitality industry and also in licensing and merchandizing, retail." She said. "Yes, there"s been a lot of money spent here but we have to realize that the infrastructure that they"ve built up around the World Cup is something that will last and it stays in the country."
Other analysts say the Cup may help the Brazilian economy but it also boosts inflation and public debt. Less than half of the Brazilians in a recent poll believed that hosting the Cup was a good idea. And there have been many demonstrations against the Cup, thoug
h they have declined since the tournament began.
Nevertheless, many Brazilians are proud to host the World Cup and the 600,000 foreign visitors it brings. The hope is that they will spread the good word about Brazil when they return home.
1.
According to the passage why is Brazilian government so plead with the World Cup?
A It will spread the good word about Brazil.
B It will enhance Brazil"s international status.
C It has boosted its economy.
D It has created many jobs.
2.
普宁豆干
Which of the following can not be inferred from "independent analysts who study such events are less enthusiastic" (Para.1) ?
A They don"t trust the authorities" words.
B The tournament is not a good thing for Brazil.
C The tournament does not bring such a boost as the authorities thought.
D The tournament also has some negative influence.
3.
Why Chris Gaffney believes the figures are exaggerated?
A The tournament cannot produce so many jobs in such short time.
B Becau the economic benefits of such events are less tangible and more long-term.
C Becau it is hard to estimate the actual money spent on it.
