美国的“301条款”
拌白菜心
“301条款”是美国《1974年贸易法》第301条的俗称，一般而言，“301条款”是美国贸易法中有关对外国立法或行政上违反协定、损害美国利益的行为采取单边行动的立法授权条款。它最早见于《1962年贸易扩展法》，后经《1974年贸易法》、《1979年贸易协定法》、《1984年贸易与关税法》，尤其是《1988年综合贸易与竞争法》修改而成。
美国“301条款”有狭义和广义之分，狭义的“301条款”仅指1974年修订的贸易法第301条，可称之为“一般301条款。广义的“301条款”是指《1988年综合贸易与竞争法》第1301-1310节的内容，包含“一般301条款”、“特别301条款”（关于知识产权）、“超级301条款”（关于贸易自由化）和具体配套措施，以及“306条款监督制度”。在这个意义上，美国“301条款”又称其为301条款制度。一般301条款是美国贸易制裁措施的概括性表述，而“超级301条款”、“特别301条款”、配套条款等是针对贸易具体领域做出的具体规定，构成了美国“301条款”法律制度的主要内容和适用体系。具体说就是：“特别301条款”是针对知识产权保护和知识产权市场准入等方面的规定；“超级301条款”是针对外国贸易障碍和扩大美国对外贸易的规定；配套措施主要是针对电信贸易中市场障碍的“电信301条款”及针对外国政府机构对外采购种的歧视性和开水冲鸡蛋的功效与作用
敬茶礼仪不公正做法的“外国政府采购办法”，而且其范围有逐渐扩大的趋势。“一般301条款”是其他“301条款”的基础，其他“301条款”是“一般301条款”的细化。即使没有其他“301条款”，美国贸易代表一样可以适用“一般301条款”的规定解决贸易争端。美国狭义和广义的“301条款”之间的关系是辩证统一的，构成一个完全的体现美国法律文化的价值体系，为美国的利益发挥着作用 。
“301条款”是美国政府针对损害美国贸易利益和商业利益的外国政府的行为、政策和做法进行调查、报复和制裁的手段，其本质是美国强权政治和单边主义做法在外贸领域的体现，利用贸易政策推行其价值观念的一种手段，即通过强化美国对外贸易协定的实施，扩大美国海外市场，迫使其他国家接受美国的国际贸易准则，以维护美国的利益。
法律授权美国贸易代表办公室（USTR）可以采取的制裁措施包括：（1）中止贸易协定项下的减让，（2）采取关税或其他进口限制；（3）对服务征收费用或采取限制；（4）与被调查国达成协议，以消除其违反行为或向美国提供补偿；（5）限制服务领域的授权。措施期限一般为4年。
“301条款”的作用：一是作为一种监督、威胁和干预工具，每年通过拟定“重点国家”、“重点
观察国家”等各种名单，发布《国别贸易障碍评估报告》等措施，对其贸易伙伴施加压力，干预影响其国内政策乃至国内政治；二是作为进入世界贸易组织争端解决机制的前置磋商程序，经磋商后决定是否提交世贸组织；三是为美国贸易代表办公室（USTR）和业界提供了沟通和磋商的桥梁，使业界的诉求能够迅速地传递给美国政府并得到后者的支持。
Trade Act of 1974
W. Eric McElwain
萝卜烧牛肉
Excerpt from the Trade Act of 1974
If the United States Trade Reprentative determines ... that ... (B) an act, policy, or practice of a foreign country—随便的英语(i) violates ... the provisions of, or otherwi denies bene fits to the United States under, any trade agreement, or (ii) is unjustifiable and burdens or restricts United States commerce; the Trade Reprentative shall take action authorized in subction (c) of this ction subject to the specific direction, if any, of ,
and shall take all other appropriate and feasible action ... that the President may direct the Trade Reprentative to take ... to obtain the elimination of such act, policy, or practice.
The Trade Act of 1974 (P.L. 93-618, 88 Stat. 1978) is the centerpiece of a ries of acts pasd by Congress with the intent of promoting worldwide reductions in economic barriers to trade, while at the same time protecting and promoting the interests of American-owned business. United States trade law is not contained in any one law but in a ries of laws, from the Tariff Act of 1930 to the Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1994. The Trade Act of 1974 gave the president authority to negotiate trade agreements with other countries, particularly with regard to multilateral trade negotiations under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which led to today's WTO. The act's primary importance, however, lies in Title II, Section 201, which gives the president authority to take actions to protect U.S. business from injury cau
发现法d by incread quantities of imports, even though the increa in imports violates no ban on unfair trade practices; and Title III, Section 301, which allows retaliatory measures to be taken against imports from countries that injure U.S. economic interests by using unfair trade practices. Other provisions governed trade relations with nonmarket-economy countries, a reference to countries that were then under communist rule, and created the general system of preferences, which allows the president to favor products from specific developing countries in order to aid their development and to discourage them from engaging in protective trade practices.
CONSTITUTIONAL BASIS FOR THE ACT
优谈网Article II of the U.S. Constitution has been interpreted to vest authority to conduct foreign policy in the president, but Article 8, Section 1 gives Congress the power to lay and collect duties and the power to regulate foreign commerce. Therefore the power to regulate trade with other nations must be delegated by Congress to the president. While the Trade Act of 1974 granted the president authority to engage in trade negotiations, Co
ngress limited the president's authority by requiring a determination that any agreement will not endanger national curity and will promote the purpos of the act.
POLITICAL BACKGROUND OF THE ACT
The Trade Act of 1974 was a respon to changes that had occurred in the international economic framework under which U.S. trade laws had been created. Tariffs had lesned as a barrier to trade, but there had been growth in the u by other nations of nontariff trade barriers, such as special subsidies to protect local industries by allowing goods to be sold abroad at lower cost. Also, developing countries had become a major force in international markets, and a need was perceived for a legal respon to such actions as the oil embargo impod by the OPEC nations in 1973. Dissatisfied with the time-consuming procedures for resolving disputes under the GATT, Congress wanted the president to u executive power more proactively to influence trade practices and policy worldwide. Congress deliberated on a new trade bill for twenty months before the Trade Act was ultimately pasd on December 20, 1974. The act delegated significant power to
the president to invoke measures to protect American industries from incread imports from other nations, whether or not injury was being caud by unfair trade practices.
SUBSTANCE OF THE ACT
Section 201, known as the "Escape Clau," creates a mechanism for the president to grant relief measures to industries, workers, firms, and communities injured by incread imports from foreign industries producing competing products. Any industry can ask the U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC) to recommend that measures be taken to protect it from competing imports, even though tho goods are being imported legally. If the ITC recommends invoking the Section 201 Escape Clau to protect the affected industry, the president may deny the request only on grounds of the "national economic interest" (Trade Act, Section 202[a][1][A]). Becau of the protectionist nature of Section 201, only a handful of requests for action have resulted in protective measures being impod by the president. Since the "escape clau" does not require a finding of any unfair trade practices by the exporting nation, that nation can then freely retaliate against
measures impod by the United States. Therefore, it is often not in the "national economic interest" to pursue such measures.
