The Bill of Rights,即《权利法案》,又译《人权法案》,指的是美国宪法中第一至第十条宪法修正案,由詹姆斯·麦迪逊起草,1791年12月15日,获得通过。
权利法案的10条修正案包括:第一条:言论、宗教、和平集会自由; 第二条:持有与佩戴武器的权利; 第三条:免于民房被军队征用; 第四条:免于不合理的搜查与扣押; 第五条:正当程序(Due Process)、一罪不能两判、禁止逼供、禁止剥夺私人财产; 第六条:未经陪审团不可定罪以及剥夺被控告方的其他权利; 第七条:民事案件中要求陪审团的权利; 第八条:禁止过度罚金与酷刑; 第九条:未被列入的其他权利同样可以受到保护; 第十条:人民保留未经立法的权利。
影响与评价
《权利法案》的第一条,即美国宪法第一修正案对美国影响巨大。美国媒体所享有的一切自由都源于此,在美国,凡是涉及言论、新闻、出版等诉讼,往往都会搬出此,它几乎成为美国媒体或个人言论自由的护身符,不可动摇。以至于美国人把它颂扬为“美国生活方式”的主要内容。[1] 但是《权利法案》没有修正宪法的一个重大缺陷,即对奴隶制的确认,这使后来的南方地区农奴制扩张大大增长。[2]
第一条 (Amendment I)
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exerci thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to asmble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
译文:国会不得制定关于下列事项的法律:确立国教或禁止信教自由;剥夺言论自由或出版自由;或剥夺人民和平集会和向政府请愿伸冤的权利。
第二条 (Amendment II)动物叫
A well regulated Militia being necessary to the curity of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms shall not be infringed.
译文:纪律严明的民兵是保障自由州的安全所必需的,人民持有和携带武器的权利不可侵犯。
第三条 (Amendment III)
No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any hou, without the connt of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.
译文:至于古今异义未经房主同意,士兵平时不得驻扎在任何住宅;除依法律规定的方式,战时也不得驻扎。
第四条(Amendment IV)
The right of the people to be cure in their persons, hous, papers, and effects, against unreasonable arches and izures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cau, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be arched, and the persons or things to be ized.
译文:人民的人身、住宅、文件和财产不受无理搜查和扣押的权利,不得侵犯。除依据可能成立的理由,以宣誓或代誓宣言保证,并详细说明搜查地点和扣押的人或物,不得发出搜查和扣押状。
第五条 (Amendment V)
No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwi infamous crime, unless on a prentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cas arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual rvice in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal ca to be a witness against himlf, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public u, without just compensation.
译文:除根据大陪审团的报告或起诉书外,任何人不受死罪或其他重罪的审判,但发生在陆、海军中或发生在战时或出现公共危险时服役的民兵中的案件除外;任何人不得因同一犯罪行为而两次遭受生命或身体的危害;不得在任何刑事案件中被迫自证其罪;不经正当法律程序,不得被剥夺生命、自由或财产。不给予公平赔偿,私有财产不得充作公用。
我推荐的一本好书第六条 (Amendment VI)
市政施工In all criminal procutions, the accud shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed,
背的成语which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cau of the accusation; to be confronted with the witness against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witness in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counl for his defence.
译文:在一切刑事诉讼中,被告有权由犯罪行为发生地的州和地区的公正陪审团予以迅速和公开的审判,该地区应事先已由法律确定;得知控告的性质和理由;同原告证人对质;以强制 程序取得对其有利的证人;并取得律师帮助为其辩护。
《元日》王安石第七条 (Amendment VII)
In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be prerved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwi reexamined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.
译文:在普通法的诉讼中,其争执价额超过二十美元,由陪审团审判的权利应受到保护。由陪审团裁决的事实,合众国的任何法院除非按照习惯法规则,不得重新审查。
第八条 (Amendment VIII)
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines impod, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
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译文:不得要求过多的保释金,不得处以过重的罚金,不得施加残酷和非常的惩罚。
第九条 (Amendment IX)
The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
译文:本宪法对某些权利的列举,不得被解释为否定或轻视由人民保留的其他权利。
稻田养蟹第十条 (Amendment X)
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are rerved to the States respectively, or to the people.
译文:宪法未授予合众国、也未禁止各州行使的权力,由各州各自保留,或由人民保留。
英国《权利法案》
《权利法案》(the Bill of Rights),全称《国民权利与自由和王位继承宣言》(An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown),是英国资产阶级革命中的重要法律性文件,但非是宪法。奠定了英国君主立宪政体的理论和法律基础,确立了议会所拥有的权力高于王权的原则,标志着君主立宪制开始在英国建立,为英国资本主义的迅速发展扫清了道路。
《权利法案》全文(1689)
国会两院经依法集会于西敏寺宫,为确保英国人民传统之权利与自由而制定本法律。
1.凡未经国会同意,以国王权威停止法律或停止法律实施之僭越权力。
2.近来以国王权威擅自废除法律或法律实施之僭越权力,为非法权力。
3.设立审理宗教事务之钦差法庭之指令,以及一切其他同类指令与法庭,皆为非法而有害
4.凡未经国会准许,借口国王特权,为国王而征收,或供国王使用而征收金钱,超出国会
准许之时限或方式者,皆为非法。
5.向国王请愿,乃臣民之权利,一切对此项请愿之判罪或控告,皆为非法。
6.除经国会同意外,平时在本王国内征募或维持常备军,皆属违法。
7.凡臣民系新教徒者,为防卫起见,得酌量情形,并在法律许可范围内,置备武器。
8.国会议员之选举应是自由的。
9.国会内之演说自由、辩论或议事之自由,不应在国会以外之任何法院或任何地方,受到弹劾或讯问。