茶叶什么牌子好EAP Unit3 Psychology
Persons: Judging a Book by its Cover
Saul Kassin et al.
1. Have you ever met someone for the first time and formed a quick impression bad only on a quick “snapshot” of information? As children, we were told that we should not judge a book by its cover, that things are not always what they em, that surface appearances are deceptive, and that all that glitters is not gold. Yet as adults we can’t em to help ourlves.
2. To illustrate the rapid-fire nature of the process, Janine Willis and Alexander Todorov (2006) showed college students photographs of unfamiliar faces for one-tenth of a cond, half a cond, or a full cond. Whether the students judged the faces for how attractive, likable, competent, trustworthy, or aggressive they were, their ratings — even at the briefest exposure — were quick and were highly correlated
with judgments that other obrvers made without time-exposure limits. Flip quickly through the pages of an illustrated magazine, and you may e for yourlf that it takes a mere fraction of a cond to form an impression of a stranger from his or her face.
3. If first impressions are quick to form, then on what are they bad? In 500 BC, the mathematician Pythagoras looked into the eyes of prospective students to determine if they were gifted. At about the same time, Hippocrates, the founder of modern medicine, ud facial features to make diagnos of life and death. In the nineteenth century, Vienne physician Franz Gall introduced a carnival-like science called phrenology and claimed that he could asss a person’s character by the shape
of 汽车故事their skulls. And in 1954, psychologist William Sheldon concluded from flawed studies of adult men that there is a strong link between physique and personality.
4. People may not measure each other by bumps on the head, as phrenologists ud to do, but our first impressions are influenced in subtle ways by a person’s height, weight, skin color, hair color, tattoos, piercings, eyeglass, and other aspects of physical appear
ance. As social perceivers, we also form impressions of people that are often accurately bad on a host of indirect telltale cues. In Snoop: What Your Stuff Says About You, Sam Gosling (2008) describes rearch he has conducted showing that people’s personalities can be revealed in the knick-knacks found in their offices and dormitory rooms, the identity claims they make on Facebook pages, the books that line their shelves, and the types of music that inhabit their iPods. 抗战题材电视剧In one study, fictional characters with “old-generation” names such as Harry, Walter, Dorothy, and Edith were judged to be less popular and less intelligent than tho with younger-generation names such as Kevin, Michael, Lisa, and Michelle. In another study, both men and women were en as more feminine when they spoke in high-pitched voices than in lower一年级家长会ppt pitched voices.
5. The human face in particular attracts more than its share of attention. Since the time of ancient Greece,human beings have attended to physiognomy — the art of reading character from faces. Although we may not realize it, this tendency persists today. For example, Ran Hassin and Yaacov Trope (2000) found that people prejudge others in photographs as kind-hearted rather than mean-spirited bad on such features as a full, r
ound face, curly hair, long eyelashes, large eyes, a short no, full lips, and an upturned mouth. Interestingly, the rearchers also found that just as people read traits from faces, at times they read traits into faces bad on prior information. In one study, for example, participants who were told that a man was kind — compared to tho told he was mean 土豆怎么切丁— later judged his face to be fuller, rounder, and more attractive.
6. In social perception studies of the human face, rearchers have found that adults who have baby-faced features — large, round eyes; high eyebrows; round cheeks; a large forehead; smooth skin; and a rounded chin — tend to be en as warm, kind, naive, weak, honest, and submissive. In contrast, adults who have mature features — small eyes, low brows and a small forehead, wrinkled skin, and an angular chin上斜卧推 — are en as stronger, more dominant, and more competent (Berry & Zebrowitz-McArthur, 1986). Thus, in small claims court, judges are more likely to favor baby-faced defendants who are accud of intentional wrongdoing but rule against them when accud of negligence. 龙骨牡蛎汤的功效与作用And in the work tting, baby-faced job applicants are more likely to be recommended for employment as day-care teachers, whereas mature-faced adults are c
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onsidered to be better suited for work as bankers. Results like the have led Leslie Zebrowitz and Joann Montepare (2005) to conclude that baby-facedness profoundly affects human behavior in the blink of an eye.
