The 18th Century
1. Social background
不胜感激是什么意思a. Party politics
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Party politics became more significant throughout the century, with Whigs (who supported limited monarchy, and who support tended to come from religious disnters) and Tories (who favored strong monarchy and the religious status quo embodied in the Church of England) competing for power.
大拇指图片b.The Industrial Revolution
It was a gradual process of change from “cottage industries” to factory manufacturing.
c.Overas expansion
Britain occupied a vast expansion of colonies in Asia, Africa and North America.
2. Cultural Background
1. Enlightenment Movement启蒙主义运动
An intellectual movement that developed in Europe in the 17th century and reached its height in the 18th. The Enlightenment celebrated reason, equality, science and human beings’ ability to perfect themlves and their society.
含铁多的食物Charateristics of the Enlightenment
1.Emphasis on reason rather than authority现在发现你的优势
Man’s mind, not God’s word
2.Encouragement of scientific inquiry
science advances and faith recedes
3.Belief in the perfectibility of Man
as oppod to Puritans’ corrupt man
In religion, it was against superstition, and dogmatism教条主义; in politics, it was against tyranny; and in society, it was against prejudice, ignorance, inequality不平等, and any obstacles to the realization of an individual’s full intellectual and physical well-being. At the same time, they advocated universal education. In their opinion, human beings were limited, imperfect, and yet capable of rationality and perfection through education.
They believed that when reason rved as the yardstick准绳 for the measurement of all human activities and relations, every superstition, injustice and oppression was to yield place to "eternal truth", eternal justice" and "natural equality".
2. Cultural Progress
1.More schools were t up throughout the country
2.The appearance of such popular press as pamphlets and newspapers and periodicals
3.The flourish of coffeehous and all kinds of social clubs
Three Periods of the 18th Century Literature
1.The first period: from the glorious revolution of 1688 to the end of the 1730s’
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a.New-classicism in poetry (Alexander Pope)
b.Essays of Addison and Steel
c.Realistic fiction of Defoe and Swift
2. The cond and more critical period: from the 1740s to the 1750s
a.Realistic novels of Richardson, Fielding and Smollett
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3. The third period: the last decades of the 18th century
a.Sentimentalism: in the poetry of Edward Young and Thomas Gray and in the novels of Laurence Stern and Oliver Goldsmith
b.Pre-romanticism: in the poetry of William Blake and Robert Burns
Sentimentalism: is a movement in the middle of the 18th century in England which concentrates on the distresd of the poor, unfortunate and virtuous people and demonstrates that effusive溢于言表的 emotion was evidence of kindness and goodness. It reveals grief, pains and tears. The reprentatives are Laurence Sterne who wrote A Sentimental Journey through France and Italy (1768) and Oliver Goldsmith who wrote The Vicar of Wakefield (1766).
It came into being as a result of a better discontent on the part of certain enlighteners in social reality.
New-classicism
红包能撤回吗a.It found its artistic models in the classical literature of the ancient Greek and Roman writers like Homer, Virgil, Horace, Ovid.
b.A partial reaction against the fires of passion blazed in the late Renaissance, especially
in the Metaphysical poetry.
