Return Children to Nature
Abstract:Jean Jacques Rousau was one of the famous French Enlightenment thinkers, and Emile was one of his great masterpieces, in which he emphasized his objection to the medieval religious and feudal education that was a hindrance for the development of children's natural individuality, and he advocated implementing the natural education that was conformity to the children's nature, and fostered the harmonious development of children's body and mind. Rousau's natural education theory was an education rationale for human innovation of its education posterior to his time, which thus was called "Copernican revolution" in human education history. From Rousau onwards, the human education theory has begun to enter a new period of emphasis on rearch of children.
良言如春作文Key Words:conformity-to-nature rule Natural Man law of development Emile
Ⅰ Introduction
中国十大名酒 Emile was a book having historical and practical value and shivering the dim medieval society, which integrated philosophy, education and literature, on which Rousau spent almost his twenty years, and in which he rendered the natural education theory and advocated nurturing the natural man.
The paper proceeds as follows. The next ction provides the background for natural education thought. Section 3 describes the ideas of "Back to Nature" of natural education. Section 4. prents today's educational inspiration from Rousau's natural education thought. Finally, Section 5. discuss the influence and limitations of natural education thought.
Ⅱ Background
调度指挥中心 The 18??th? century saw the collap of main feudal countries in Europe including France, in which the ri of the far-reaching influential Enlightenment campaigns t the stage for the French bourgeois revolution, and the great Enlightenment thinkers such as Montesquieu, Voltaire and Rousau uncovered and attacked the absolute monarchy wit
h feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, advocated the substitution of rational thoughts for the blind obedience to what was said, and compiled an encyclopedia as tool to disminate the new knowledge and the new ideas and to explore effective ways and methods to found the bourgeois system. The Enlightenment paved the way for the development and eventual formation of the natural education thought which was marked with the publication of Rousau's Emile.
Ⅲ Ideas of “Back to Nature”
Rousau advocated the ideas of “Back to Nature” which originated from his pedagogical philosophy of nature, in which he believed that human nature is good, and which included the following three aspects.
容易受伤的女人歌词1.Conforming to nature
Rousau thought that the heart of the natural education thought is that we must follow the request of nature and conform to the human nature, as he cited in the opening line in
Emile "Everything is good as it leaves the hands of the Author of things; everything degenerates in the hands of man." According to Rousau's view, "All that we lack at birth, all that we need when we come to man's estate, is the gift of education. This education comes to us from nature, from men, or from things. The inner growth of our organs and faculties is the education of nature, the u we learn to make of this growth is the education of men, what we gain by our experience of our surroundings is the education of things. Thus we are each taught by three masters." And Rousau further detailed, "If their teaching conflicts, the scholar is ill-educated and will never be at peace with himlf; if their teaching agrees, he goes straight to his goal, he lives at peace with himlf, he is well-educated. Now of the three factors in education nature is wholly beyond our control, things are only partly in our power; the education of men is the only one controlled by us; and even here our power is largely illusory, for who can hope to direct every word and deed of all with whom the child has to do."
江船火独明名不虚传的近义词 2.Fostering "Natural Man"
Rousau held that the aim of natural education is to develop "Natural Man"――"The natural man lives for himlf; he is the unit, the whole, dependent only on himlf and on his like."It was the natural man, Rousau thought, that was trained from childhood to be able to live independently, not developing a habit of asking others for help, nor a habit of boasting to others about himlf, to be able to acquire lots of experiences by obrving, judging, thinking over and analyzing everything he met from the nature, and to be able to get developed in the aspects of both body and mind at the same time. And the natural man was the one who lived in society, who had the ability to fulfill his social responsibility, and not the one who unrealistically returned to the primitive society as an illiterate or a barbarian. We should know that the natural man is the one who has the following characteristics: First, he must free from the constraints of traditions so as to develop according to children's nature; cond, he must be independent and live to support himlf; third, he must become more socially adaptable and be responsible for what he did as a social member; the last, he must be physically and mentally healthy so as to think critically.
怎样鉴别玉手镯>符蓉
3.Considering children's age
Following "the conformity-to-nature rule of education", Rousau emphasized that people should guide their education of a kid to be a natural man according to the kid's age characteristics. "Rousau was one of the first to advocate developmentally appropriate education; and his description of the stages of child development mirrors his conception of the evolution of culture". He divided childhood into four stages: the first stage is infancy, when children should be given physically training; the cond is to the age of about 12, when children are guided by their emotions and impuls, and should be given n education; the third stage, from 12 to about 16, reason starts to develop, when children should be educated from intellectual and labor aspects; and finally the fourth stage, from the age of 16 onwards, when the child develops into an adult, and should be given moral education.
