鼻塞感冒分类号:K2 学校单位代码:10446
硕士学位论文
论文题目:以“游”为常态
——清初明遗民生存方式探析
研究生姓名:蔡振芳
学科、专业:历史学中国古代史
研究方向:明清史
导师姓名、职称:成积春教授
论文完成时间:2012年6月
曲阜师范大学研究生学位论文原创性说明
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导师指导研究生学位(毕业)论文的承诺我指导的研究生蔡振芳所呈交的学位(毕业)论文是在我指导下独立开展研究工作及取得的研究结果,属于我现岗职务工作的结果,并严格遵守《曲阜师范大学研究生学术道德规范实施细则》的要求。达到学位论文的学术要求。并且我已认真审阅,无明显抄袭现象,同意送审。
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导师签名:30岁还能长高吗
日期:年月日
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本人所提交的博士□/硕士□论文《以“游”为常态——清初明移民生存方式探析》,是本人在导师指导下,在曲阜师范大学攻读博士□/硕士□学位期间独立进行研究工作所取得的成果。论文中除注明部分外
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日期:年月日高二留学
摘要
本文从明遗民的角度出发,首先阐释了“清初”、“明遗民”、“游”的概念,在此基础上分析了明遗民以“游”为生存常态的原因及表现,最后总结了明遗民生存方式的共同点。
历史上,每朝每代的新陈代谢,都会引起社会各阶层、各方面势力的剧烈动荡及重新改组。在明清鼎革之际,传统的明代士人因不堪忍受清朝以蛮族身份入主中原及一系列民族压迫政策,不与清廷合作,于是新的阶层——明遗民群体便诞生了。明遗民本着宁死不为贰臣的信念,以“游”为生存常态,他们身在清廷,却怀念着早已灭亡的明朝。清朝的残暴统治,尤其是各种狭隘的民族政策的推行,是一直被儒家的君臣思想统治的明代士人所不能接受的,于是他们选择了遗民这条出路,成为历史中又一特殊的群体。由于受到清廷的追捕和迫害,明代的遗民在清朝艰难度日。
明遗民或者隐居著述到处讲学,避开政治关注学问;或者跟随幕主进行游幕,不仕清朝但倚从他人;或者进行政治旅行,对抗朝廷,为反清复明做准备,甚至积极投身于武装反抗清廷的斗争中;或者因反对清廷而被流放,开始不得己的"罪游"。尽管他们的生活方式各有不同,“游”却是他们的生存常态,他们拒不同意与新的政权合作,其生存方式也常常表现为奔波游走。所以,在明遗民群的生活轨迹和交游路线上不可避免地出现重合。这主要表现在:文化上,他们著书立说,整理以及传承传统的汉民族文化;在思想上,他们都有不为“贰臣”的心理支撑,或凭吊、或撰文、或四处云游举行抗清活动,借以抒发自己怀念明朝的深厚感情。在当时的背景下,明遗民坚决不仕清廷的共同心理,也致使他们的主要活动和活动区域存在一定程度的重合。明遗民分布地域众多,在东北、关中、淮南、江南、岭南和西南各地均有分布,他们或根据地域自结为社,或与亲戚好友、师生等来往密切,结交贤豪,相互扶持,相互帮助,“游”于各地,仍保留着晚明士人乐于交游的习性,抒发自己怀念明朝的情感,为反清复明找机会。但是,历史的车轮并没有因为他们的存在而转向,随着清朝统治的稳固,明遗民在失意和绝望中去世,他们始终衷于自己的内心,不曾屈服,谱写了一曲曲坚贞和坚强的正气歌。
关键词:明遗民,生存方式,游
Abstract
This article is from the perspective of the Ming Dynasty, the first interpretation of the " Qing"," adhere
nts of Ming Dynasty"," travel " concept, bad on the analysis of Ming Dynasty to" travel " for the survival and normal and reason, finally summarizes the adherents of Ming Dynasty survival way in common.
罪的形近字Historically, each in each generation will be the new superdes the old, from all ctors of the community, the various forces of violent unrest and the reorganization. In the evolution of Ming and Qing Dynasties during the Ming Dynasty, the traditional scholars in Qing Dynasty becau of unbearable to barbarian identity in China and a ries of national culture policy of oppression, new class -- Ming Dynasty population was born. The descendants of the Ming Dynasty never yield to the Qing, they cho to" travel " for the survival and normal, they lived in Qing Dynasty, but miss with longing of Ming dynasty. The Ming Dynasty loyalists in the Qing Dynasty led a hard life.
The adherents of Ming Dynasty were forced to flee into the field of clusion, or travel to a scene, or even" travel", patriotic enthusiasm and go around the organization could struggle, after the failure of the Qing Dynasty and was in exile, began" sin Tour" mode of existence. However, although they have different lifestyles, but" travel" is their condition, they all refud to agree with the new regime, the condition is also run walk. So, in the Ming Dynasty group life and travel route appears inevitable coincidence. This mainly displays in culture, they become an author, finishing as well as the heritage
of traditional Chine culture; in thought, they are not" as" psychological favorable support, or rite, or the author, or wandering could held activities, to express their deep feelings of nostalgia in the Ming dynasty. Becau of their way of living to overlap, also they travel route alignment. Adherents of geographical distribution of many, in the northeast, Guanzhong, Huainan, south of the Five Ridges and southwest, are distributed throughout, they either according to geographical since node for the agency, or relatives and friends, teachers and students communicate cloly, make Yin Hao," tour" in the world, and express their feelings for Miss Ming, anti-fuming find opportunities. However, the wheels of history did not turn just becau of their prence, and with stability rule of the Qing Dynasty, the Ming loyalists died in frustration and despair. But they hold their heart and never yield at last. They write faithful songs one after anther.
Key words: adherents of Ming Dynasty , way of living, travel