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Harvard Style
The Harvard Style of referencing is widely accepted in scholarly circles. In the Harvard Style each reference is indicated in the text by the author and date of the publication cited, sometimes with added information such as page numbers. The full details of the references are listed at the end of the text in a Reference list.
You may come across many different styles or ways of using the Harvard or author-date system. The following information and examples are bad on:
Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002, 6th edn, John Wiley & Sons, Australia.
In-text References
In the text of your essay or thesis you should identify your source by giving, in parenthes, the author's name and year of publication of the work to which reference has been made. F
rom the textual reference, the reader can turn to the alphabetical list of references for full publication details. If directly quoting from a work u single quotation marks and relevant page number.
For example:
Larn (1971) was the first to propound the theory.
OR
The theory was first propounded in 1970 (Larn 1971).
For example:
Larn (1971, p. 245) noted ‘many of the facts in this ca are incorrect’.
OR
’Many of the facts in this ca are incorrect’ (Larn 1971, p. 245).
Reference List
At the end of your work you should include a list of ALL the references you have cited in your text. In the Harvard Style 赵怎么读sources that are not cited in the text but are relevant to the subject may be listed parately as a bibliography. The same method of prentation is ud for both a list of references and a bibliography.
The Reference List is arranged alphabetically by author, and thereafter chronologically, starting with the earliest date.
For example:
Jones, AB 2000, …
Jones, B 1995, …
Smith, AK 1990, …
Smith, AK 1995, …
Stein, B 2003 …
Stein, B & Reynolds, JS 1995, …
Stein, B & Reynolds, JS 2000, …
暮归Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002, …
Yarbro, CH, Frogge, MH, Goodman, M & Groenwald, SL 2000, …
Young, JC 1988a, …
Young, JC 1988b, …
The format of the citation depends on the nature of the work, ie. whether it is a book, journal article, website, etc.
In general the order of elements contained within each reference should include: author – date – title of work – title of larger work (if any) – publishing details – date of access (if electronic).
Apart from the author and date, each element is parated from the others with a comma and the citation finishes with a full stop.
Authors
Whatever type of work you are referencing, the way you list the authors’ names depends on the number of authors.
| In-text citation | Reference list |
One author | (Jones 1995) or Jones (1995) states…… | Jones, B 1995, Sleepers, wake!: technology and the future of work, 4th edn, Oxford University Press, Melbourne. |
Two or three authors机器人的英语 Where there is more than one author, the in-text citation in parenthes will u an ampersand (&) to join them, whilst if the reference is part of the ntence you u the word ‘ and .’ | (Stein & Reynolds 2000) 安全事故报告or Stein and Reynolds (2000) argue….. | 成都欢乐谷攻略Stein, B & Reynolds, JS 2000, Mechanical and electrical equipment for buildings, 9th edn, John Wiley & Sons, New York. |
Four or more authors If there are four or more authors only include the first author in your in-text citation, adding the words ‘ et al. ’ meaning ‘and others.’ However the Reference List should include all authors. | (Yarbro et al. 2000) or Yarbro et al. (2000) have found…… | Yarbro, CH, Frogge, MH, Goodman, M & Groenwald, SL 2000, Cancer nursing, 5th edn, Jones and Bartlett, Boston. |
Several works by same first author and year Single author entries precede references with multiple authors beginning with the same name. A 2-em rule can be ud to replace the authors’ name(s) that are repeated. | 鸡蛋壳有什么用(Heyland 2001) or Heyland (2001) reports….. (Heyland & Novak 2001) or Heyland and Novak (2001) reports….. | Heyland, DK 2001, ‘ In arch of the magic nutraceutical: problems with current approaches’, Journal of nutrition, vol. 131, no. 9, p. 2591S. ------ & Novak, F 2001, ‘Immunonutrition in the critically ill patient: more harm than good?’, JPEN: Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition, vol. 25, no. 2, p. S51. |
Several works by same author and year If you are referring to veral works by the same author or group of authors from the same year, designate the a, b, c, …. with the order of the listing bad on the letter-by-letter alphabetical order of the title of the work. | (Porter 2001a) (Porter 2001b) or Porter (2001a) states…. or according to Porter (2001b) … | Porter, ME 2001a, 'Japan: what went wrong.' Wall Street Journal - Eastern Edition, vol. 237, no. 56, p. A22. ---- 2001b, 'Strategy and the Internet.' Harvard Business Review, vol. 79, no. 3, p. 62. |
No author given Where an item has no named author it is cited by its title. | Style 周美欣manual for authors, editors and printers (2002) or According to the 如何下载网上视频Style manual for authors, editors and printers (2002) … | Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002, 6th edn, John Wiley & Sons, Australia. |
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Examples
Book
Author(s) of book - surname and initials Year of publication, Title of book - italicid, Edition. Publisher, Place of publication.
Examples:
Jones, B 1995, Sleepers, wake!: technology and the future of work, 4th edn, Oxford University Press, Melbourne.
Book chapter
Author(s) of chapter - surname and initials Year of publication, ‘Title of chapter - in single quotation marks’, [in] Author of book (if different), Title of book - italicid, Edition, Publisher, Place of publication, Page number(s).
Example:
Crawford, RJ 1998, 'Plastics available to the designer', in Plastics engineering, 3rd edn, Heinemann-Butterworth, Oxford, pp. 6-18.
Journal article
Author(s) of article - surname and initials Year of publication, ‘Title of article - in single quotation marks’, Journal name - italicid, volume number, issue number, page number(s).
