References/Bibliography
APA
Bad on the “Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association” 6th edition.
The “APA style” is an author-date style for citing and referencing information in assignments and publications. This guide is bad on the American Psychological Association’s Publication Manual, 6th edition (2010). Note:
Before you write your list of references, check with your lecturer or tutor for the bibliographic style preferred by the School. There may be differences in the style recommended by the School.
What is referencing?
Referencing is a standardid way of acknowledging the sources of information and ideas that you have ud in your assignments. This allows the sources to be identified.
Why reference?
Referencing is important to avoid plagiarism, to verify quotations and to enable readers to identify and follow up works you have referred to.
Steps in referencing
• Record the full bibliographic details and relevant page numbers of the source from which
information is taken.
• Note the DOI (digital object identifier), if prent. When a DOI is ud, do not provide the
URL or date of retrieval.
• Inrt the citation at the appropriate place in the text of your document.
• Include a reference list that includes all in-text citations at the end of your document.
In-text citations
• In an author-date style, in-text citations usually require the name of the author(s) and the
year of publication.
• A page number is included if you have a direct quote. When you paraphra a passage, or
refer to an idea contained in another work, providing a page number is not required, but is "encouraged", especially if you are referring to a long work and the page numbers might be uful to the reader.
How to create a reference list/bibliography
• A reference list includes just the books, articles, and web pages etc that are cited in the text
of the document. A bibliography includes all sources consulted for background reading. •
A reference list is arranged alphabetically by author. If an item has no author, it is cited by
title, and included in the alphabetical list using the first significant word of the title.
• If you have more than one item with the same author, list the items chronologically, starting
with the earliest publication.
• Each reference appears on a new line.
• Each item in the reference list is required to have a hanging indent. • References should not be numbered.
Referencing Software小猫咪的故事
The University of Queensland Library provides access to EndNote and RefWorks software, which assist in creating reference lists. An APA 6th style is provided in the Endnote X4 software.(22/11/2011)
APA 6th Edition
Book
Elements of the citation
Author(s) of book – family name and initials, u & for multiple authors. (Year of publication). Title of book – italicid. Place of publication: Publisher.
Reference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNote reference
type
One author Sophisticated arching techniques are
important in finding information (Berkman,
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1994)
OR
Berkman (1994) claimed that … Berkman, R. I. (1994). Find it fast: How to uncover expert information. New York, NY: Harper Perrenial.
Book
Two authors It is futile to maintain that the xes are
interchangeable (Moir & Jesl, 1991)
OR
Moir and Jesl (1991) found students…
Always list the authors in the order in which
they appear in the publication.
Cite both authors for each u of reference. Moir, A., & Jesl, D. (1991). Brain x: The real difference between men and women. London: Mandarin.
Book
Three to five authors (O’Keefe, Bell, & Wyne, 2009)
(O’Keefe et al., 2009)
O'Keefe, J. H., Bell, D. S. H., & Wyne, K.L. (2009). Diabetes
esntials. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
Book
2
O’Keefe, Bell, and Wyne argue that (2009)
Cite all authors the first time the reference appears; for all subquent us, cite last name of first author followed by “et al.”
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Six or more authors Johnson et al. (2005) argue …
OR
It was argued that…(Johnson et al., 2005)
Cite just the last name of the first author
followed by “et al.” and year for the first and
all other citations
Johnson, L., Lewis, K., Peters, M., Harris, Y., Moreton, G.,
Morgan, B., . . . Smith, P. (2005). How far is far? London:
McMillan.
When a reference has up to ven authors, include all
authors’ names in the reference list. When a work has
eight or more authors, cite the last names & initials of
the first six authors then follow with a comma and three
spaced ellipsis points (. . .), then the last author’s name.
Book
No author Management is defined as (CCH Macquarie
Dictionary, 1993)
high副词
OR
CCH Macquarie Dictionary (1993) defines…
Cite in the text the first few words of the title
and the year. The CCH Macquarie dictionary of business. (1993). North Ryde, NSW: CCH Australia.
Book
Author Identified As Anonymous (Anonymous, 1996)
U only if author is specifically named as
“Anonymous”
Anonymous. (1996). Primary colors : A novel of politics.
New York, NY: Random Hou.
Book
西柚的营养价值Authors With Same Last Name (J. P. Lewis, 2007)
J. P. Lewis argues that (2007)
(R. Lewis, 2007)
R. Lewis stated that (2007)
Include first author’s initials in all citations.
Lewis, J.P. (2007). Fundamentals of project management.
New York, NY: American Management Association.
Lewis, R. (2007). Human genetics : concepts and
八门金锁阵哪个门入则亡applications. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill Higher
Education.
Book
3
Multiple works by the same author …geology of Queensland’s national parks
(Willmott, 2004, 2006).
Willmott, W.F . (2004). Rocks and landscapes of the
national parks of Southern Queensland. Brisbane:
Geological Society of Australia, Queensland Division.
Willmott, W.F. (2006). Rocks and landscapes of the national
parks of Central Queensland. Brisbane: Geological
Society of Australia, Queensland Division.
Order chronologically from earliest in the reference list
Book
Multiple works by the same author, published in the same year (Dawkins, 1996a, 1996b) Dawkins, R. (1996a). Climbing Mount Improbable. London:
Viking.
Dawkins, R. (1996b). River out of Eden. London: Phoenix.
Order alphabetically by title in the Reference list.
Book
Book by an organisation or institution (corporate author) (Queensland Health, 2002)
Queensland Health (2002) recommends that….
Queensland Health. (2002). Best practice guidelines for the
management of type 1 diabetes in children and
adolescents. Brisbane, Australia: Author.
Book
Different Editions (DeHart, Sroufe, & Cooper, 1995)
DeHart, Sroufe, & Cooper (1995) state the idea
that…
DeHart, G. B., Sroufe, L.A., & Cooper, R. G. (1995). Child
development: Its nature and cour (4th ed.). Boston,
MA: McGraw-Hill.
The edition statement is placed after the title of the work.
This is not necessary for a first edition.
Book
Edited book (Friedman & Wachs, 1999)
(Everson, 1991) Friedman, S. L., & Wachs, T. D. (Eds.). (1999). Measuring
environment across the life span: Emerging methods
and concepts. Washington, DC: American Psychological
Association.如何提高服务意识
Everson, S. (Ed.). (1991). Psychology. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Edited book
4
Electronic
version of print
book
(De Lara & Doyen, 2008)
(Ardia, 2008) De Lara, M., & Doyen, L. (2008). Sustainable management
of natural resources: Mathematical models and
methods. [SpringerLink version]. Retrieved from
/openurl.asp?
genre=book&isbn=978-3-540-79073-0
Ardia, D. (2008). Financial risk management with Bayesian
estimation of GARCH models: Theory and applications
[SpringerLink version]. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-78657-3
Add the name of the provider of the electronic version in
square brackets.
Electronic book
Enter the Digital
Object Identifier of the
book in the DOI field.
If the book has no DOI,
u the URL field and
enter the full URL of
the e-book if it was常州美食
only published
electronically. If the
book was originally
published in print,
enter the URL of the
homepage of the
website on which it is
available.
Electronic-only book (Stevens, n.d.) Stevens, K. (n.d.) The dreamer and the beast. Retrieved
from
=332
Electronic book
Translation of a book (Ylinen, 2008) Ylinen, J. (2008). Stretching therapy: For sport and manual
therapies (J. Nurmenniemi, Trans.). Edinburgh,
Scotland: Churchill Livingstone.
Book
Enter translator’s
name in Translator
field
5
