浅谈逗号的语用作用
有时，一个小小的逗号会直接影响到句子的结构，甚至句子的意义，在通过语境对语法知识的运用考查时，逗号的作用显得更为重要。现在高考题中对逗号的考查已成为了“热点”，因此有必要对逗号的用法做一个小结。
1．用来分开由并列连词（如：and, but, so, or, for, yet, nor等）连接的句子。如：
a. Swimming is the best sport in summer, and people go swimming in rivers and
lakes.
b. We have won great victories, yet more rious struggles are still ahead of us.
若各句之间的关系紧凑，就可以不用连词，而只用逗号分开。如：
a. The older child is a boy, the younger one is a girl.
b. He slipped away, nobody knew when.
解题指导：当发现分句中有并列连词（常见的有and, but, so, or, for等）时，首先要弄清它们连接的是词
与词、词组与词组、还是句子与句子，然后再利用平行结构解题。有时用来连接两个句子时中间不用逗号。如：
Would you like a cup of tea or shall we get down to business right away? (NMET 1995，第36小题)
2．用于分隔主句与放在主句之前的状语（介词短语、分词短语、独立主格结构等）或状语从句。如：
a. In the middle of the room, there was a big, beautiful Christmas tree.
b. Being careless, he often makes mistakes.
c. Lost in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. (NMET 1996, 第23小
题)
d. While the teacher explained the text, the students listened attentively and took
notes.
解题指导：主句之前的部分，不论是短语作状语，还是从句作状
语，它们都只是主句的一个辅加成分，不能单独成句。逗号连接的部分，其中一部分是句子，而另一部分也是句子形式，则按以下思路解题：“若是从句，就不能缺少连词；若无连词，就是独立主格结构。”
如：
There being little time left, he left for the station in a hurry.
Becau there was little time left, he left for the station in a hurry.
______, Mother will wait for him to have dinner together. (NMET 1997 第21 小题)
A. However late is he
B. However he is late
C. However is he late
D. However late he is
此句中，依据选项应为从句，并在此基础上对的用法和从句中的语序进行了考
查。
John said he’d been worki ng in the office for an hour, _____ was true. (NMET 2001 (春季) 第11小题)
A. he
B. this
C. which
D. who
The Parkers bought a new hou, but ______ which will need a lot of work before they can move in. (NMET 2001, 第25小题)
3．句中用于话语连接的短语如：on the other hand, on the contrary, what’s more, to make things wor等，以及用于连接意义的副词如：however, therefore, furthermore, besides, otherwi, anyway等等，与句子的其它部分分开，需用逗号。如：
a. Your cond question, on the other hand, remains open.
护照办理多久可以拿到
b. A: Are you nearly through?
B. On the contrary, I’ve just begun.
c. The situation, however, is developing rapidly.
d. The task is difficult, furthermore, the time is limited.勒歌
e. It’s too late now, anyway.
解题指导：解题时，要特别注意这些连词前后两部分之间的逻辑
关系。另外，what’ better still, what’s the most important, above all, what’s wor也是高考热点。如：
She thought I was talking about her daughter, while, in fact, I was talking about my daughter. (NMET 95, 第13 小题)
Carol said the work would be done by October, which, personally, I doubt very much. (NMET 1999, 第19小题)
Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, which, of cour, made the others unhappy. ( NMET 2000, 第17小题)
4．句中分隔说明语和例证的惯用语如：e.g., for instance, for example, that is to say, in another word, namely等的前面，均需加逗号。如：
a. We’ll l eave Beijing for Shanghai a week later, i.e. on October 1.
b. He left school last month, that is to say, in May this year.
c. The publishing hou will publish in the coming year veral uful dictionaries,
for instance, an up-to-date English-Chine Dictionary.
d. Only the boy was abnt, namely, Harry.
但句中such as的前后可不加逗号。如：
a. I enjoy sports such as football and track-and-field.
b. There are many lovely parks in Beijing such as the Summer Palace, Beihai Park
and Zhongshan Park.
5．逗号有来分开并列的词、短语或从句。如：
a. Men, women and children crowded into the square.
b. I have talked with many workers, peasants, doctors, teachers and scientists in
your country.
c. The price has gone down, but I doubt whether it will remain so.
说明：逗号用于列举三个以上的并列成分时，在最后一个并列成
分之前应用and 连接，但and前的逗号可以有，也可以无。从现代英语来看，and前用不用逗号都是常见的。即：[A,B(,) and C]，这是作者的习惯和文体问题，不影响句义。
解题指导：要告别注意and的位臵，正确判断各部分之间是否是真正的并列关系。若是并列关系其各部分的结构应一致。如：
心与心“Can’t you read?” Mary said, ______ to the notice. (NMET 1993, 第36小题)
刘留A. angrily pointing
B. and point angrily
C. angrily pointed
D. and angrily pointing
He tore the envelope open, pulled out the letter, and reading only a few lines, tore it into pieces.
6．逗号用来把非限定性定语从句（或修饰语），同位语或其余部分分隔开来。
如：
a. My father, who is sixty-five years old this year, is a scientific worker.
b. The Olympic Games, first played in 776 B.C., didn’t include women players
until 1912. (NMET 1997, 第17小题)
c. Issac Newton, the greatest scientist, was born in 1624 and died in 1727.
7．逗号用于A.引起直接引语的说明语he said, she replied等到一类用语之后；B.
被切断了的直接引语前一部分之后；C.被切断了的不构成句子的直接用语后面的说明语之后。现一一举例：
a. He said, “I’ll never believe you again.”
b. “All of you,” the teacher said, must be here at ven sharp this evening.”
c. “If you aren’t here on time tomorrow,” the teacher said, “I’ll write a letter to your
砚怎么读音parents.”
8．直接引语若放在句首，则引号句尾须用逗号，因全句到此并未结束。如：“You do the homework yourlf,” the teacher said.
注意：若放在句首的直接引语是疑问句或感叹句，则在引号之内
用相应的问号或感叹号。如：
a. “How do you know I’m his friend?” he asked.
b. “What a pity!” she asked.
9．位于句子中间的从句或状语之前，应用逗号分开。如：
a. Such things, whether you like it or not, do happen from time to time.
b. The apples, though freshly picked, became spoiled in shipment.
c. The baby, on waking up, found no one at home, and crie
d.
d. This medicine, taken in time, can be very effectiv
e.
解题指导：这种结构尤其需要注意：它们类似于插入语，把句分成两段，但实际上，但不论是短语还是从句，都与主句有着某种逻辑关系。解题时，不妨将其移到句首再做考虑。
10．用在插入语前后。如：
a. He is, I think, a teacher.
b. You know, of cour, what a gerund is.
解题指导：知道“I think”，“of cour”等为插入语能帮助我们把握句子的结构，以便更好地解题。但有时插入语前也有不用逗号的情况。这一用法多出现于特殊疑问句和定语从句中。当用于特殊疑问句中时，只改变语序，不影响时态。如：What do you suppo our headmaster went there with?
Where do you imagine she has hidden the toy car?
He has succeeded in ttling the problem, which people think is impossible.
The pen which he thought he had lost is on his desk.
11．作“也”讲的too若用于句首（偶见美国英语当中），则在too的后面加逗号；若too用于句子中间，则在too的前后都加逗号；若too用于句尾，则只在其前加逗号，其后用句号。如：
a. You, too, may have a try.
图片动物b. I’ll go to visit the exhibition, too.
12．用于祈使句末尾plea一词的前面。如：
a. Open the door, plea.
放学啦
b. Do come, plea.
注：如果“plea”被放在了句首，其前不能再加逗号。有时，为了使祈使句的语气更加委婉，可在句首或句尾用“will you”。如：
a. Come to e me when you are free, will you?
b. Will you clo the door behind you, plea?
c. Will (Would更委婉)you plea get me a bar of soap when you go shopping this
phone是什么意思
morning?
正是因为英语复杂的句式结构才使得英语中的逗号具有非常重
要的作用。在解题时要重视逗号的用法，才能正确地把握住出题人的意图，提高理解效率。
－ed分词这个结构在英语表达中是常见的。它既可以是系表结构，又可以是被动
语态。因此，我们可以称之为静动句的混合体。静句是用来描写
－ed分词这个结构在英语表达中是常见的。它既可以是系表结构，又可以是被动语态。因此，我们可以称之为静动句的混合体。静句是用来描写事物的性质或状态的。动句是用来描写动作及动作过程。由于在表达形式上这两种结构是一样的，都由be ＋ed分词构成，这样就给区别系表结构和被动语态带来了麻烦。现将几种区别方法归纳如下：
一．从动词的性质来区分
英语中的不及物动词不用于被动语态。但是，不及物动词的过去分词可以和动词be连用构成系表结构。在这个结构中，过去分词只表示动作已经完成。强调事物的状态。常见的这种形式不及物动词有：gone，come， arrived，fallen，retired，startled，vexed，mistaken等。这些不及物动词都具有描述性质。例如：
Her fever is gone，but she still feels weak．
I shall be vexed if you keep mentioning it．
The interviewer was quite mistaken about the incidents which happened in the campus．注意：如果构成分词的动词是一个持续性动词，不表示终极界限，不表示动作结果，而强调动作的持续性，在这种情况下谓语大多数是被动语态。例如：
All the books were carried to the library．
Several students were honoured for their excellent performance in the English contest．二．从句子表达的内容来区分
被动语态表示动作，句子的主语是动作的承受者；系表结构中的过去分词已基本上失去了动词的意义，只起到一个形容词的作用，在句子中作表语，说明主语的性质，或所具有的特征或所处的状态。例如：
The hous were beautifully decorated．（系表）
The hous were decorated and rented to tho who were badly in need of shelters．（被动）
The book is not illustrated．（系表）
The book was illustrated by a famous artist．（被动）
注意：在现代英语中，有少数从古英语中遗留下来的只能用作形容词的－ed分词。这种分词形容词特性显著，完全起到了形容词作用。例如：
amud， broken，clod，confud， crowded，covered，done，delighted，frightened，bent， blesd，bound，drunk，lit，melted，rotten， shaved，shrunk，sunk，believed，
burnt，excited， faded，married，interested，plead，satisfied，surprid等。三．从－ed分词后所跟的介词来区别
作形容词用的－ed分词在个别情况下，可以跟除by－phra以外的其他介词。如： about，at，in，on，with，over，to等。例如：
I’m interested in my own hobbies，such as collecting stamps，raising birds and fishing．（系表）
I was interested by what you showed me．（被动）
The people prent at the meeting were annoyed with the tedious speech．（系表）The people who wanted to attend the meeting were surprid by the announcement of the adjournment without day．（被动）
四．从修饰词来区分
1．在英语表达中，过去分词具有形容词性质，因此可用程度副词"more，quite， rather，very"等修饰。凡是能用这类副词修饰的过去分词多为系表结构。例如：
Her look was quite amud．
After working the whole morning，we were very tired．
2．如果－ed分词的结构中由时间状语、地点状语、原因状语或方式状语来修饰整个句子，表示动作的持续性，反复性，这时这个句子就是被动语态。例如：
The dam is completed．（系表）
The dam had been completed within two months．（被动）
He was wounded．（系表）
He was wounded in the battle．（被动）
五．通过时态来区分
系表结构中的动词be为系动词，多用于一般现在时和一般过去时。偶尔在系表结构中也可见到一般将来时和现在完成时。而在被动语态结构中的动词be是助动词。除了很少用于完成进行时和将来完成时之外，可以用各种时态。
I shall be much obliged to you for an early reply．（系表）
The hou is being built by the river．（被动）
另外从时态方面考虑，区分被动语态和系表结构时，可用"还原"的方法。看能否将be＋过去分词形式还原为对应的主动语态。如果是被动语态，它的时态要与相应的主动结构一致。如果是
