文献出处：Krishnan G. The rearch of import business risk management [J]. Atlantic Economic Journal, 2015, 5(3): 61-71.
原文
The rearch of import business risk management
Krishnan G
Abstract
Import activities from the preparing work before trading, and then lect the foreign suppliers, business negotiation, signing contract, the contract to many links, such as imports of claim and dispute resolution of each link to face all kinds of potential risks. In this paper, to stand in the Angle of the importer, on the basis of the review of risk theory, according to the import trading process to import market risk can be divided into the following categories: mainly includes price risk, exchange rate risk, contract, trade ttlement risk the risk of subject choice, the terms of the contract of risk, risk of maritime transport, etc. On the basis of in-depth analysis of the cau of the risks and, avoid and guard against all kinds of risk respon measures are put forward. The last part is about how to strengt
c语言试卷hen the management of import trade risk. In order to avoid and reduce the import trade risks, enterpris should follow the basic risk management program, lect the corresponding technical means. Imports to import transaction risk, the main content of the enterpri risk management project: first, we must strengthen education, improve the risk prevention import enterpri personnel's risk consciousness; Second must strictly for exporters credit investigation; Again, should strengthen the supervision and management for the performance of a contract; Finally, t up the risk management department for organization guarantee. Keywords: Import trade; Risk analysis; Prevention; management
1 Agent import business risk analys
To analyze the agent import business risk, the first to analyze the nature of the business, often nothing more than three conditions: the delegate lack of import management, product qualification or import licen, etc., shall entrust a qualified foreign trade business agent import. To the lack of professional foreign trade knowledge, need foreign trade enterpris to provide agency import and supporting rvices. The delegate of lack of money, bank credit, is trying to realize asymmetric leverage or low-cost financing, through the agent import take up foreign trade enterpri capital or credit. Finally a similar "Bal agreement", as defined by the trade financing, is just a part of the role 棉签手工
of the foreign trade enterpris to replace the bank. Foreign trade enterpri, therefore, not only in the business of agent import agents, may also be regarded as financial instruments; risks resulting from multiple roles are so complicated. Draw lessons from the Bal accords risk can be divided into credit risk, market risk, operation risk, the method of personal humble
工程会计opinions, agent import business risk can be roughly divided into the following six class:
1.1 The customer credit risks
Customer is the important resources in the enterpri, its asts, credit and other power determines the quality of resources. Agent import business, the foreign trade
enterpri customers include foreign suppliers and domestic clients, carrier, warehousing, etc., when the customer's credit standing and strength needed to perform the contract capacity does not match, there will be the potential risk of
松鼠鱼的制作方法nonperformance or unable to fulfill the contract. Clients, for example, plans to import cash payment after the arrival of the foreign trade enterpris, the market fell, unsalable goods, its default without money payment, this due to the financial strength is not enough and the risk is relatively common. As
another example, foreign trade enterpri delivers goods imported through the agency of warehousing escrow, but it’s to ll the goods, insolvency bankruptcy after the crime, foreign trade enterpris have to bear all loss. From the agent import risk shall be borne by the delegate this perspective, the customer credit risk factors are very important. All foreign trade enterpri credit risk loss are caud to the agent import business, nine times out of ten source is bad credit customers; On the contrary, when a customer credit strength far exceeds the ability of the contract, even if a risk occurs more easily also. Therefore, how to control the customer credit risk are the foreign trade enterpris to bear the brunt of the problem in the import agent.
1.2 Fal trade risks
Fal trade refers to the fictional trade background, trade name to cover the financing, fraud, etc. Fal trade risks in foreign trade business more frequent becau the available resources, including domestic or foreign exchange rate, interest rate differential, the foreign trade business of bank credit, qualification, etc., attracted a lot of money dealers and criminals. Some criminals will agent import (and the extension of entrecote trade) as an arbitrage means, financing way, and even money laundering tools, etc., attempt to convert foreign trade enterpri credit to its liquidity and ud for any other purpos, and show the rate spreads. To this, the foreign trade enterpris should be com
bined with the customer's credit standing, and so on and so forth strictly textual rearch trade authenticity, compliance and rationality, continuity, avoid bringing customers, bring their own supply of goods, bring their own bills of exchange, customs declaration and not imported products, not supply way of the shipper, they e no foreign import agent is not standard.
1.3 Changing market risk
Markets such as goods, exchange rate, interest rate changes, the commodity prices
and foreign exchange cost, cost of capital, such as volatility, is deciding the success or failure of trading and profit and loss. Although the profit and loss shall be borne
by the client, but when loss beyond its capacity, risk will be ari. Changing market risk occurs more easily in the commodity business, often small fluctuations in commodity prices, exchange rates and interest rates. etc can cau huge profit and loss.
1.4 Clau t risk
Foreign import contract, agent import contract, warehousing, the pledge agreement, guarantee contract and l/c terms and conditions of the Settings are rigorous, legal and effective, if there is a hol
e trap, even also to a certain extent, to determine whether the foreign trade enterpris can avoid risk. For example, foreign import contract provisions, such as the quality, before shipment inspection, supervision of loading can hedge the risks such as the quality of the goods defects; Agent import contracts with foreign import contract terms and condition of the practice, docking, each other can pass on agency risk; Carefully t agent import contract payment and delivery terms, can reduce the risk of cargo weight loss. For foreign trade enterpri, agent import contract and the guarantee contract is one of the core content, the scope of the authorization of the client, agent import contract business process, whether the risk is to clear the rights and obligations and responsibilities of the client; Methods, the liability for guaranteeing the guarantee contract, the guarantee, the risk is to point to the people or things of value guarantee effectiveness, guarantee, etc will be enough to cover the risk cost, the two decided the risk agent import agreement.
2 Agent import business risk management
2.1 The three-dimensional system of risk control
Sound risk control system should be freely crisscross, the article point and surface, combined with block, business units and functional departments do their job, mutual cooperation, mutual supervisio
n, both to the whole and local, internal and external risk of three-dimensional management system. Agent import process, in accordance with the rules and regulations will be the business process standardization, standardization, longitudinal according to the access level for examination and approval, classification management, horizontal, according to the division of professional, to carry out the post responsibility; To identify risk coefficient rating, to focus on high-risk business review; Outside finance, logistics and other functional departments cooperate with business departments certificate, documentary, such as the right to control high risk link monitored, cross management, dynamic tracking; Establish risk early warning mechanism, to carry out the pick up the goods to the market change, late payment or irregular changes such as tips and report duty, under the supervision of internal risk control mechanism, through the check list and check each other timely found potential risks, avoid the happening of the risk; Make risk treatment plans, form unified, efficient processing quick reaction mechanism of risk events.
2.2 The objective risk identification estimate
Risk identification is to estimate the potential risk for judgment, classification and estimate the probability of occurrence of a risk and loss degree of process, the esnce is to be the worst expectations, and the qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. In front of the agent import busin
ess to business background, process,
product and customer audit, is the process of risk identification to estimate. According to whether to take up company funds, bank credit, commodity market and cash ability, the strength of the customer and guarantee risk coefficient comprehensive rating; Through the evaluation of customer credit, fal trade, cargo weight loss, such as risk the possibility of changing market, the nature of the risk, and the harm degree, to determine the risk cost and benefits of risk management. The process of avoid by all means to the subjective tendency, especially in the face of long-term operation of commodities, long-term cooperation customers, some can produce reflex, directly replace analysis with historical data, such as personal feelings to predict, lead to lo objectivity of risk asssment.
贸易摩擦2.3 Match the risk to bear ability
Determined by risk identification to estimate is the risk cost, the matching risk tolerance. First of all, the foreign trade enterpris must carry on the lf asssment, make sure can bear the risk of cost; Second, to ensure that the limits of risk cost occurs, will not affect the normal operation of foreign trade enterpris; Finally, to ensure the agent import risk cost less than the risk to bear ability of forei
gn trade enterpris. For example, to the late payment of the foreign trade enterpri capital chain rupture risk, even if the value of the mortgaged property is enough to cover the debt, but collateral to liquidate need a long time, while the capital chain rupture immediately affect the normal operation of foreign trade enterpris, that is, when the cost is higher than the risk of foreign trade enterpri risk to bear ability, can cau systemic risk.
2.4 Reasonable risk management methods
绝对空间
Foreign trade enterpris may, according to the comparison of risk cost and risk to bear ability, etc, to choo reasonable method of risk management. When the risk cost is higher than the risk to bear ability, can choo to avoid risk, to stop the relevant agent import business; Can also choo to transfer risk, through the insurance related to import methods of domestic trade credit insurance, will risk transfer to the third party insurance company etc. Risk management approach is usually risk can be controlled, the risk cost lock in the controllable range (less than risk tolerance), risk
多喝牛奶的好处
prevention, to reduce the cost of risk, as far as possible with the minimum risk cost maximum curity; Minimize loss after the risk happens, realize the biggest risk management efficiency.
3 Conclusions
Foreign trade enterpris need to improve risk control system, establish scientific risk identification to estimate, analysis, early warning and respon system; By
strengthening the system construction to eliminate laws of loopholes in management rules, through the standardization of business management process
to enhance ability to resist risks; Through training to improve risk management level; Through professional training to strengthen risk prevention awareness, so as to standardize the business behavior, avoid business risk. This is not only the need of agent import risk management, also is the need of enterpri survival and the development of foreign trade.
译文
进口业务风险管理研究
Krishnan G
大脑结构图及功能图摘要
进口活动从交易前的准备工作，然后选择供应商开始，经历交易磋商、签订合同、履行合同到进口索
赔以及解决争议等众多环节，其中每个环节都要面临各种潜在的风险。本文站在进口商的角度，在回顾风险理论的基础上，按照进口交易流程把进口交易风险分为以下几类：主要包括价格风险、汇率风险、合同主体选择的风险、贸易结算风险、合同条款制订的风险、海上运输风险等。在深入分析这些风险及其成因的基础上，提出规避和防范各种风险的应对措施。最后部分是关于如何加强进口交易风险的管理。为了规避和消减进口交易风险，企业应该遵循基本的风险管理程序，选择相应的技术手段。针对进口交易风险，提出进口企业风险管理工程的主要内容：首先要加强风险防范意识教育、提高进口企业人员的风险意识；其次必须严格对出口商的资信调查；再次应加强合同履行的监督与管理；最后还要设立风险管理部门以作为组织保证。
关键词：进口交易；风险分析；防范；管理
1 代理进口业务风险浅析
要分析代理进口业务风险，首先要分析其业务性质，通常不外乎三种情况：委托方缺乏进口经营权、进口产品资格或进口许可证等，须委托有资质的外贸企业代理进口；委托方缺乏专业外贸知识，需要外贸企业提供代理进口及配套服务；委托方缺乏资金或信用证等银行授信额度，试图以小博大实现杠杆操作或低成本融资，通过代理进口占用外贸企业的资金或授信额度。最后一种类似《巴塞尔协议》所定义的贸易融资，只是由外贸企业替代了银行的部分角色。由此可见，外贸企业在代理进口业务中
不但是代理商，还可能被当作金融工具，多重角色所产生的风险也因此复杂多样。借鉴《巴塞尔协议》将风险分为信用风险、市场风险、操作风险的方法，个人浅见，代理进口业务风险大致可分为以下六类：
1.1 客户信用风险
