阅读理解---主旨大意题
【5年高考】
A组统一命题·新高考卷、课标卷题组
(2022年新高考全国Ⅰ卷)D
Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages.
More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of rearchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend aro.
They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. L
ater, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds.
The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large.
Analys of a language databa also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the u of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. The sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
This rearch overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were prent when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. ”The t of speech sounds we u has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,“ said Steven Moran, a member of the rearch team.
32. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s rearch focus on?
A. Its variety.
小白兔的甜蜜史B. Its distribution.
C. Its quantity.
D. Its development.
33. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals?
A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth.
B. They could not open and clo their lips easily.
C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured.
D. Their lower front teeth were not large enough.
34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about?
A. Supporting evidence for the rearch results.
B. Potential application of the rearch findings.
C. A further explanation of the rearch methods.
D. A reasonable doubt about the rearch process.
35. What does Steven Moran say about the t of human speech sounds?
A. It is key to effective communication.
B. It contributes much to cultural diversity.
C. It is a complex and dynamic system.
D. It drives the evolution of human beings.
(2022年新高考全国Ⅰ卷）C
Over the last ven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public rvice campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel.
Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting wor. Americans are still texting
while driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply.
That is partly becau people are driving more, but Mark Rokind, the chief of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, said distracted（分心）driving was "only increasing, unfortunately."
"Big change requires big ideas." he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need to improve road safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an old approach: They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving.
An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer. It would work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and u the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything el that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws.
"We need something on the books that can change people's behavior,” said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed for the
state's 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone."
8. Which of the following best describes the ban on drivers' texting in the US?
主席台座次安排图
A. Ineffective.
B. Unnecessary.
C. Inconsistent.
D. Unfair.
9. What can the Textalyzer help a police officer find out?
A. Where a driver came from.
B. Whether a driver ud their phone.
C. How fast a driver was going.
D. When a driver arrived at the scene.
10. What does the underlined word "something" in the last paragraph refer to?
A. Advice.
B. Data.
C. Tests.
D. Laws.
11. What is a suitable title for the text?
A. To Drive or Not to Drive? Think Before You Start
B. Texting and Driving? Watch Out for the Textalyzer
C. New York Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers.
D. The Next Generation Cell Phone: The Textalyzer-
(2022年全国甲卷)B
Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar
shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to u tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool u while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were prented with a box with a nut inside it. The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choo from. Inrting the correct “key” would let out the nut.
In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical (对称的) shapes. This ability to recognize that a shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an “allocentric frame of reference”. In the experiment, Goffin’s cockatoos were able to lect the right tool for the job, in most cas, by visual recognition alone. Where trial-and-error was ud, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Goffin’s cockatoos do indeed posss an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space, similar to two-year-old babies.
The next step, according to the rearchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual
clues (线索), or also u a n of touch in making their shape lections.
24. How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment?
A. By following instructions.
B. By using a tool.
C. By turning the box around.
D. By removing the lid.
25. Which task can human one-year-olds most likely complete according to the text?
A. Using a key to unlock a door.
B. Telling parrots from other birds.
C. Putting a ball into a round hole.
D. Grouping toys of different shapes.
26. What does the follow-up test aim to find out about the cockatoos?
A. How far they are able to e.
B. How they track moving objects.
C. Whether they are smarter than monkeys.
D. Whether they u a n of touch in the test.
27. Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Cockatoos: Quick Error Checkers
B. Cockatoos: Independent Learners
C. Cockatoos: Clever Signal-Readers
D. Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters
(2021年新高考全国Ⅰ卷)C
真诚作文A British woman who won a S1 million prize after she was named the World's Best Teacher will u the cash to bring inspirational figures into UK schools.
Andria Zafirakou,a north London condary school teacher, said she wanted to bring about a classroom revolution (变革). “We are going to make a change, ”she said.“I’ve started a project to promote the teaching of the arts in our schools.”
The project results from the difficulties many schools have in getting artists of any sort - whether an
up-and-coming local musician or a major movie star - into schools to work with and inspire children.
Zafirakou began the project at Alperton Community School，her place of work for the past twelve years. “I've en tho magic moments when children are talking to someone they are inspired by - their eyes are shining and their faces light up,” she said. “We need artists . more than ever in our schools."
Artist Michael Craig-Martin said: “Andria's brilliant project to bring artists from all fields into direct contact with children is particularly welcome at a time when the arts are being downgraded in schools." It was a mistake to e the arts as unnecessary, he added.
Historian Sir Simon Schama is also a supporter of the project. He said that arts education in schools was not just an add-on. “It is absolutely necessary. The future depends on creativity and creativity depends on the young.
What will remain of us when artificial intelligence takes over will be our creativity, and it is our creative spirit, our visionary n of freshness,that has been our strength for centuries."
8. What will Zafirakou do with her prize money?
A. Make a movie.
B. Build new schools.
C. Run a project.
D. Help local musicians.
9. What does Craig-Martin think of the teaching of the arts in UK schools?
A. It is particularly difficult.
载歌载舞的近义词
B. It increas artists' income.
C. It opens children's mind.
D. It derves greater attention.
10. What should be stresd in school education according to Schama?
苹果电脑内存A. Moral principles.
B. Interpersonal skills.
C. Creative abilities.
D. Positive worldviews.
君子之交淡若水11. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
A. Bring Artists to Schools
B. When Historians Meet Artists
C. Arts Education in Britain
D. The World's Best Arts Teacher
侮辱罪立案标准(2021年高考全国甲卷D)
Who is a genius? This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.
Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol for genius. But we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itlf. Why is it that some people are so much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us? And who are they?
彩霞In the sciences and arts, tho praid as genius were most often white men, of European origin. Perhaps this is not a surpri. It's said that history is written by the victors, and tho victors t the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by genius outside the club—women, or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.
A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender(性别)are “really, really smart.” Even wor, the study found that
girls act on that belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really, really smart.” Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up? It doesn't take a genius to know the answer: absolutely not.
Here's the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, we're all positioned to e flashes
