专题03 主旨大意题---阅读理解题型突破
距离高考还有一段时间，不少有经验的老师都会提醒考生，愈是临近高考，能否咬紧牙关、学会自我调节，态度是否主动积极，安排是否科学合理，能不能保持良好的心态、以饱满的情绪迎接挑战，其效果往往大不一样。以下是本人从事10多年教学经验总结出的以下学习资料，希望可以帮助大家提高答题的正确率，希望对你有所帮助，有志者事竟成！
养成良好的答题习惯，是决定高考英语成败的决定性因素之一。做题前，要认真阅读题目要求、题干和选项，并对答案内容作出合理预测;答题时，切忌跟着感觉走，最好按照题目序号来做，不会的或存在疑问的，要做好标记，要善于发现，找到题目的题眼所在，规范答题，书写工整;答题完毕时，要认真检查，查漏补缺，纠正错误。总之，在最后的复习阶段，学生们不要加大练习量。在这个时候，学生要尽快找到适合自己的答题方式，最重要的是以平常心去面对考试。英语最后的复习要树立信心，考试的时候遇到难题要想“别人也难”，遇到容易的则要想“细心审题”。越到最后，考生越要回归基础，单词最好再梳理一遍，这样有利于提高阅读理解的效率。另附高考复习方法和考前30天冲刺复习方法。
【考点解读】
主旨大意题主要涉及记叙文、议论文和说明文。话题广泛，如人物故事类、科普说明类、社会文化类等都可以考查主旨大意。
【命题方向】
政论文
考向 一 | 文章大意题 | 考查考生的归纳概况能力，即把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。 |
考向 二 | 段落大意题 | 段落的主题句就是段落的中心思想，通常会在段落的首句或尾句体现出来，如果没有明显的主题句是，需根据段落内容归纳概况段落大意。 |
考向 三 | 标题归纳题 | 考查考生概况文章的中心思想，并对中心思想加工提炼的能力。标题可以是句子，也可以是短语或单词。 |
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【设问方式】
1.What is the text mainly about?
2.What does the passage focus on?
3.What message does the author convey in the text?
4.补血汤有哪些What’s the best title of the passage?
【选项特征】
正确选项：
1.范围恰当
2.概括性强
3.精准到位
干扰项：
1. 以偏概全
2. 概括过度
3. 偷梁换柱
4. 无中生有
考点一 文章大意题
【解题策略】
策略 一 | 段落主题句归纳 | 快速阅读文首、文尾、每段的首句和尾句。 |
策略 二 | 文章主题段归纳 | 首段 （新闻报道、议论文、说明文） 末段（记叙文、议论文） |
策略 三 | 主题词归纳 | 借助文中出现频率较高的主题词归纳，以便确定文章的主旨大意。 |
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【主题句定位策略】
文章是由段落组成的。段落的主题就是段落的中心思想，具体段落的中心思想又是为文章
整体中心思想服务的。理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具体段落中心的基础上的。找出每小段的主题句，各段的主题句常在该段的首句或尾句，各段主题句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。有的文章无明显主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中，这就需要进一步加工概括。观察全文的结构安排，理解文章的“重心”和支撑性细节。
笔记本关机
用浏览法(skimming)，即快速阅读文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，搜索主题线索和主题信息的方法可以快速找到主题句。以下是找主题句的四个小窍门：
1．段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however, but, in fact, actually等)时，该句很可能是主题句。
2．首段出现疑问句时，对该问句的回答很可能就是文章主旨。
3．作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。
4．表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等词，通常是主旨。
考点二 段落大意题
【解题步骤】
策略 一 | 首尾兼顾知段意 | 新闻报道、说明文和议论文的主题句常在段首。 |
策略 二 | 段中归纳 | 先用一两句话引出主题，再陈述主题，然后论述细节。即： 引出主题--段落中心--论述总结 |
策略 三 | 全文概括 | 没有明显段落主题句时，需要概括段落内容，总结段落大意。语言要精练、准确、范围恰当。 |
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考点三 标题归纳题
【解题步骤】清炖牛肉汤的做法
第一步 | 快速浏览 | 速读全文，定位主旨句 |
第二步 | 定主题大肠面线 | 根据主旨句，确定文章的主题思想 |
第三步 | 巧概括 | 医保卡卡号怎么查询利用关键句，针对性归纳概括文章标题 |
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标题正确项特点：
1. 概括精准；
2. 统领全文；新颖醒目
标题干扰项特点：
1. 以偏概全；
2. 范围过大，超出文章内容
3. 主观臆断，无中生有
真题透视
1.（2022年6月全国甲卷 D篇）
Sometime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city d
iscovered its harbor. Then, one after another, Sydney discovered lots of things that were just sort of there — broad parks, superb beaches, and a culturally diver population. But it is the harbor that makes the city.
Andrew Reynolds, a cheerful fellow in his early 30s,......
He is right, but I can’t help wishing they would keep tho old ferries.
微信转钱1. What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A. Sydney’s striking architecture. B. The cultural diversity of Sydney.
C. The key to Sydney’s development. D. Sydney’s tourist attractions in the 1960s.
2.(2022年全国高考新高考I卷)
......
Analys of a language databa also confirmed that there was a global change in the so
und of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the u of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. The sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about?
A. Supporting evidence for the rearch results.
B. Potential application of the rearch findings.
C. A further explanation of the rearch methods.
D. A reasonable doubt about the rearch process.
3. (2022年全国高考新高考II卷)
Over the last ven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public rvice campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel.
Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting wor. Americans are still texting while driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply.
That is partly becau people are driving more, but Mark Rokind, the chief of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, said distracted（分心）driving was "only increasing, unfortunately. "
胃肠紊乱的症状"Big change requires big ideas. " he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need to improve road safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an old approach: They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving.
An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer. It would work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and u the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed
or done anything el that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws.
