Root | In English | Origin Language | Etymology (Root Origin) | English Examples |
ab-, a-, abs- | away | Latin | ab "away" | abnormal, abrasion, abstract, aversion,abnt |
ac-, acu- | sharp or pointed | Latin | acutus past participle of acuere "to sharpen", from acus "needle" | acid, acupunture |
acri- | sharp, pungent, bitter, eager, fierce | Latin | acer | acrimony, acrid |
acro- | height, summit, tip | Greek | Greek ἄκρος ákros "high", "extreme" | acrophobia, acrobat, acronym, acromegalia |
ad-, a-, ac-, af-, ag-, al-, ap-, ar-, as-, at- | movement to or toward; in addition to | Latin | ad "to", "toward" | adapt, affect, ascend, accept |
adip- | fat | Latin | adeps, adipis "fat" | adipo |
aer-, aero- | air, atmosphere | Greek | aer "air" | aeronautics, aerosol |
aesth-et | feeling, nsation | Greek | aisthētikos "of n perception" from αἰσθάνεσθαι aisthanesthai "to perceive" | aesthetics |
agr-, agri- | field | Greek and Latin | from Greek ἀγρός agros and Latin ager, agr- "field" | agriculture, pilgrim |
amat-, amor- | love, loved | Latin | amor "love" from amāre "to love" | amateur, amorous |
ambi- | both, on both sides | Latin | ambi "on both sides", from Greek ἀμφί amphi, "on both sides" | ambidextrous, ambivalent |
amic-, -imic- | friend | Latin | amicus | amicable, inimical |
amphi- | around, about, both, on both sides of, both kinds | Greek | amphi "on both sides" | amphibian, amphibolic |
ampl- | ample | Latin | amplus | amplification |
an-, a- | not, without | Greek | Greek ἀν-/ἀ- "not" | anhydrous, atypical |
ana-, an- | again, against, back, up | Greek | from Greek prefix ana- "again", "against" | anabaptist, anaphylaxis, anode |
anima- | breath | Latin | anima "breath" | animal, animation |
ann-, -enn- | year, yearly | Latin | annus "year" | anniversary, annual, millennium |
ant-, anti- | against, oppod to, preventive | Greek | ἀντί anti "against" | antibiotic, antipodes |
ante-, anti- | before, in front of, prior to | Latin | Latin ante "before", "against" | antediluvian, antebellum, anticipate |
anth-, antho- | flower | Greek | ἄνθος anthos "flower" | anther, anthology |
anthropo-, anthro- | human | Greek | anthropos "man" | anthropology, anthropomorphic |
aqu- | water | Latin | aqua | aquamarine, aquarium, aqueduct |
ar- | plow, till | Latin | arare | arable |
ar- | be dry | Latin | arere, "be dry or parched" | arid |
arche-, archi- | ruler | Greek | ἀρχή arche "rule" (in compounds: ἀρχε-, ἀρχι-) | archangel, archetype |
archaeo-, archeo- | ancient | Greek | ἀρχαῖος arkhaios "ancient" from arkhē "beginning" | archaeology or archeology, archaic |
arct-, arcto- | Relating to the North Pole or the region near it; relating to cold; ud as the scientific name of some bear species, e.g. Ursus arctos horribilis | Greek | ἄρκτος arktos "bear" | Arctic Ocean |
argent- | silver | Latin | argentum "silver" | argent, Argentina |
arthr-, arthro- | joint | Greek | arthron "joint" | arthritis, arthropod |
astr-, astro- | star, star-shaped | Greek | astron "star" | astronomy |
athl- | prize | Greek | ἄθλος athlos "contest, feat" | athlete |
aud-, audi- | hearing, listening, sound | Latin | audire "to hear" | auditorium, auditory |
aug-, auct- | grow, increa | Latin | augēre "to increa" | augmentation |
aur- | relating to gold, or gold-colored | Latin | aurum "gold" | aureole, aure |
auri- | Relating to the ear | Latin | auris "ear" | auricle |
aut- , auto- | lf; directed from within | Greek | αὐτός (autos) "lf", "same" | automobile, autonomy |
avi- | bird | Latin | avis "bird" | aviary, aviation |
axi- | axis | Latin | axis "axis" | axisymmetry |
axio- | merit | Greek | Greek ἄξιος (axios) "worth" | axiology |
Root | Meaning In English | Origin Language | Etymology (Root Origin) | English Examples |
bac- | rod-shaped | Latin | from baculum "rod" | bacilla, bacteria |
baro- | weight, pressure | Greek | βαρύς (barus) | barometer, barograph, baroreceptor |
basi- | at the bottom | Greek | from βαίνω, I walk, march, βάσις "step" | basic, basis |
bathy-, batho- | deep, depth | Greek | βαθύς (bathús, bathýs) "deep" | batholith, bathyscaphe |
be-, beat- | bless | Latin | beare, beatus | beatification |
bell(i)- | war | Latin | bellum, belli | antebellum, bellico, belligerent |
ben- | good, well | Latin | bene (adverb) | benefit, benignity |
bi- | two | Latin | bis, "twice"; bini, "in twos" | binoculars, bigamy, biscotti |
bib- | drink | Latin | bibere, bibitus | imbibe |
bibl- | book | Greek | βιβλίον (biblíon) "book" | bibliography, bible |
bi(o)- | life | Greek | βίος (bíos) "life" | biology, biologist, biosphere |
blenn(o)- | slime | Greek | βλέννος (blennos) | blennophobia, blennosperma |
blast- | germ, embryo, bud, cell with nucleus | Greek | βλασταίνω, "I put forth shoots" | sideroblast |
bon(i)- | good | Latin | bonus | bonify, bonitary |
bor- | north | Greek / Latin (boreas) | Greek βορρᾶς (borras) "the north wind" | borealis |
botan- | plant | Greek | βοτάνη, βότανον (botanē, botanon) | botany |
bov- | cow, ox | Latin | bos, bovis | bovine |
brachi(o)- | arm | Greek | βραχίων (brakhíōn) "arm" | brachial artery, brachiosaurus |
brachy- | short | Greek | βραχύς (brakhús, brakhýs) "short"高中生走读申请书 | brachydactyly |
brady- | slow | Greek | βραδύς (bradús, bradýs) | bradycardia |
branch- | gill | Greek | βράγχιον (brágkhion, bránkhion) "gill" | branchiopod, nudibranch |
brev(i)- | brief, short (time) | Latin | brevis, breviare | abbreviation, brevity |
briz- | nod | Greek | βρίζω (brizō) | |
brom- | oats | Greek | βρόμος, βρόμη (brómos, bróme) "oats" | Bromus ramosus |
brom- | oats | Greek | βρόμος (brómos) "stench, clangor" | bromide |
bronch- | windpipe | Greek | βρόγχος (brógkhos, brónkhos) | bronchitis |
bront- | thunder | Greek | βροντή (brontē) | Brontosaurus |
bucc- | cheek, mouth, cavity | Latin | bucca | buccal, buccinator muscle |
bulb- | bulbous | Latin | bulbus | bulbous, bulbule |
bull- | bubble, flask | Latin | bulla, "bubble" | ebullient, ebullism |
burs- | pouch, pur | Latin | bursarius | bursary, disbur |
Root | Meaning In English | Origin Language | Etymology (Root Origin) | English Examples | |
cac(o)- | bad | Greek | κακος (kakos) | cacophony | |
cad-, -cid-, cas- | fall | Latin | cadere, casus | accident, cadence, ca | |
caed-, -cid-, caes-, -cis- | cut | Latin | caedere, caesus | caesura, incisor | |
calc- | stone | Latin and Greek | from Latin calx "lime", and from Greek χάλιξ (khalix) "pebble" "limestone" | calculus, calcite, calcium | |
calli- | beautiful | Greek | from Greek kallos "beauty" | calligraphy | |
calor- | heat | Latin | calor "heat" | calorie | |
calyp- | cover | Greek | (kaluptein) | apocalyp | |
camer- | vault | Latin | camera | bicameral, camera | |
camp- | field | Latin | campus "field", "level ground" | champion, campaign | |
can(i)- | dog | Latin | canis "dog" | canine, Canis Major | |
can-, -cin-, cant- | sing | Latin | canere "sing" | cantata, canto, cantor | |
cand- | glowing, iridescent | Latin | candere "to be white or glisten" | candid, incandescent, candle, candela | |
cap-, -cip-, capt-, -cept- | hold, take | Latin | capere, captus "take or hold" (note the vowel change from a to i in compounds) | capture, captive, conception, recipient | |
capit-, -cipit- | head | Latin | caput, capitis "head" | capital, chief, chef, decapitate | |
capr- | goat | Latin | caper, capri | Capricorn, caprine | |
caps- | box, ca | Latin | capsa | capsule | |
carbo- | 鸽子饲料配方coal | Latin | carbo, carbonis | carbon | |
carcer- | jail | Latin | carcer, carcerare | incarceration | |
carci- | cancer (dia) | Latin from Greek | Latin from Greek karkinos "crab" | carcinoma | |
cardi(o)- | relating to the heart | Greek | kardia "heart" | cardiology, cardiograph | |
cardin- | hinge | Latin | cardo, cardinis | cardinal | |
carn- | flesh | Latin | caro, carnis | carnival, carnivore | |
carpo- | relating to fruit | Greek | from Greek karpos "fruit" | carpology | |
carp- | relating to the wrist | Greek | from Greek karpos "wrist" | carpal, carpal tunnel syndrome | |
cata- | down | Greek | kata "down" | catastrophe, catatonia | |
caten- | chain | Latin | catena | concatenation | |
cathar- | pure | Greek | καθαρός (katharos) | catharsis | |
caud- | tail | Latin | cauda | caudal | |
cav- | hollow | Latin | cavus "hollow" | cave, cavity, excavation | |
ced-, cess- | go | Latin | cedere, cessus | procession, recede | |
celer- | quick | Latin | celer, celerare | acceleration, celerity | |
卤鸭舌cen(o)- | new | Greek | καινός (kainos) | Cenozoic | |
cen(o)- | empty | Greek | (kenos) | cenotaph | |
cens- | Latin | cenre "to estimate" | census | ||
cent- | hundred | Latin | centum "hundred" | cent, centennial, centurion | |
centen- | hundred each | Latin | centeni | centenary | |
centesim- | hundredth | Latin | centesimus | centesimal, centesimation | |
centr- | center | Greek | κέντρον (kéntron) "needle", "spur" | eccentric | |
cephalo- | head | Greek | κεφαλή kephale "head" | cephalopod, encephalogram | |
ceram- | clay | Greek | κέραμος (keramos) | ceramic | |
cerat- | horn | Greek | κέρας, κέρατος (keras, keratos) "horn" | ceratin | |
cern- | Latin | cernere | discern | ||
cervic- | relating to the neck, relating to the cervix | Latin | cervix, cervicis "neck" | cervix, cervical | |
ceter- | other | Latin | ceterus | et cetera | |
chiro- | of the hand or hands | Greek | χείρ kheir "hand" | chiroptera, chiropractic | |
chelono- | relating to a turtle | Greek | χελώνη khelone "tortoi" | chelonia | |
chloro- | green | Greek | from Greek χλωρός khlōros "green" | chlorine, chlorophyll | |
choreo- | relating to dance | Greek | from Greek khoreia "dancing in unison" from χορός khoros "chorus" | choreography | |
chord- | cord | Latin | chorda "rope" | chordata | |
chrom- | color | Greek | χρῶμα khrōma "color" | chromosome, chromium | |
chryso- | gold | Greek | χρυσός khrusos "gold" | chrysolite | |
cili- | eyelash | Latin | cilium | cilia | |
cine- | motion | Greek | κινέω (kineo) | cinema | |
ciner- | ash | Latin | cinis, cineris | incineration | |
cing-, cinct- | gird | Latin | cingere, cinctus | succinct | |
circ- | circle | Latin | circus | circus | |
circum- | around | Latin | circum "around" | circumference | |
cirr- | orange | Greek | κιρρός (kirros) | cirrhosis | |
cirr- | curl, tentacle | Latin | cirrus | cirrus | |
civ- | citizen | Latin | civis | civility | |
clad- | branch | Greek | κλάδος (klados) | clade | |
clar- | clear | Latin | clarus, clarare | clarity, declaration | |
clast- | broken | Greek | κλαστός (klastos) | iconoclast | |
claud-, -clud-, claus-, -clus- | clo | Latin | claudere, clausus | clau, exclusion, include | |
clav- | key | Greek | from Greek kleis "key" from κλείειν, kleiein "to clo" | conclave | |
cl(e)ist- | clod | Greek | |||
cleithr- | bar, key | Greek | |||
clement- | mild | Latin | clemens, clementis | clemency, inclement | |
clin- | bed, lean, recline | Latin | -clinare | declination, inclined | |
cochl- | shell | Greek | κόχλος (kochlos) | cochlea | |
coel- | hollow | Greek | κοῖλος (koilos) | ||
cogn- | know | Latin | cognoscere | cognitive, cognizant, recognize | |
col- | strain | Latin | colare, colum | colander | |
coll- | neck | Latin | collum | collar | |
color- | color | Latin | color | coloration | |
con-, co-, col-, com-, cor- | with, together | Latin | cum | connect, collide, compress | |
condi- | ason | Latin | condire | condiment | |
con(o)- | cone | Greek | κῶνος (konos) | conic, conical | |
contra- | against | Latin | contra | contrast | |
copro- | dung | Greek | κόπρος (kopros) | coprolite, coprophagia, coprophilia | |
corac- | raven | Greek | κόραξ, κόρακος (korax, korakos) | coracoid | |
cord- | heart | Latin | 焦裕禄的简介cor, cordis | accord, cordial | |
corn- | horn | Latin | cornu | cornea, cornucopia, unicorn | |
coron- | crown | Latin | corona, coronare | corona, coronation | |
corpor- | body | Latin | corpus, corporis | corporation, corp | |
cortic- | bark | Latin | cortex, corticis | ||
cosm(o)- | univer | Greek | κόσμος (kosmos) | cosmonaut | |
cosmet(o)- | Greek | (kosmet-) | cosmetics, cosmetology | ||
cost- | rib | Latin | costa | costal | |
cotyl- | cup | Greek | κοτύλη (kotulē) | cotyledon | |
crani- | skull | Greek | (kranion) | cranium | |
crass- | thick | Latin | crassus | crassitude | |
cre- | make | Latin | creare, creatus | creation, creature | |
crep- | boot, shoe | Greek | κρηπίς, κρηπίδος (krēpis, krēpidos) | ||
cribr- | sieve | Latin | cribrum "a sieve" | cribble, cribrate | |
ring | Greek | κρίκος (krikos) | |||
cris-, crit- | judge | Greek | κρίσις (crisis) | crisis, critic | |
crisp- | curled | Latin | crispus | crispate | |
crist- | crest | Latin | crista | cristate | |
cross(o)- | fringe, tasl | Greek | κροσσός (krossos) | ||
cruc(i)- | cross | Latin | crux, crucis | crucial, crucifix, crucify | |
crur(i)- | 蜡笔用英语怎么读leg, shank | Latin | crus, cruris | crural | |
crypt- | hidden | Greek | (kruptos) | cryptic, cryptography | |
cten(o)- | comb | Greek | κτείς, κτενός (kteis, ktenos) | ctenophore | |
cub- | cube | Greek | κύβος (kubos) | cubic, cuboid | |
cub- | lie | Latin | cubare | incubation, succuba | |
culin- | kitchen | Latin | culina | culinary | |
culp- | blame, fault | Latin | culpa | culpable, exculpate | |
cune- | wedge | Latin | cuneus | cuneiform | |
curr-, curs- | run | Latin | currere, cursus | concurrent, recursion | |
curv- | bent | Latin | curvus | curvature | |
cuspid- | lance, point | Latin | cuspis, cuspidis | bicuspid | |
cut(i)- | skin | Latin | cutis | cuticle | |
cyan- | blue | Greek | κυανός (kuanos) | cyanide | |
cycl(o)- | circular | Greek | κύκλος (kuklos) | bicycle, cycle, cyclone | |
cylind- | roll | Greek | κύλινδρος (kulindros) | cylinder | |
cyn(o)- | dog | Greek | κύων, κυνός (kuōn, kunos) | cynosure | |
cyst- | capsule | Greek | κύστις (kustis) | cystic | |
cyt(o)- | cell | Greek | κύτος (kutos) | cytoplasm | |
Root | Meaning In English | Origin Language | Etymology (Root Origin) | English Examples |
dactyl- | finger | Greek | δάκτυλος (daktulos) | dactylology, pterodactyl |
damn-, -demn- | Latin | damnāre | condemn, damnation | |
de- | from, away from, removing | Latin | dē | delete, demented |
deb- | owe | Latin | debere, debitus | debit |
deci- | tenth part | Latin | decimus, tenth; from decem, ten | decibel, decimate |
deca-, dec-, deka-, dek- | ten | Greek | deka, ten | decagram, decahedron |
delt- | Greek | (delta) | deltoid | |
dem- | people | Greek | δῆμος demos, people | demagogue, democracy |
den- | ten each | Latin | deni | denarius, denary |
dendr-, dendro- | rembling a tree | Greek | δένδρον (dendron): akin to δρύς, drys, "tree" | dendrite |
dens- | thick | Latin | densus | conden, density |
dent- | tooth | Latin | dens, dentis | dental, dentures |
derm- | skin | Greek | δέρμα (derma) skin | hypodermic |
deuter- | cond | Greek | δεύτερος (deuteros) | Deuteronomy |
dexter- | right | Latin | dexter | dexterity |
dextro- | right | Greek | δεξ-, right | |
di- | two | Greek | dicot, dipole | |
dia- | apart, through | Greek | διά (dia) | diameter |
dict- | say, speak | Latin | dicere, dictus | contradict, dictation |
digit- | finger | Latin | digitus | digital |
dino- | terrible, fearfully great | Greek | δεινός (deinos) | dinosaur |
dipl- | double; twofold | Greek | diploid, diplosis | |
doc-, doct- | teach | Latin | docere, doctus | docile, doctor |
dodec- | twelve | Greek | δώδεκα (dodeka) | dodecasyllabic |
dog-, dox- | opinion, teaching | Greek | dogmatic | |
dom- | Latin | domus | dome | |
dorm- | sleep | Latin | dormire | dormant, dormitory |
dors- | back | Latin | dorsum | dorsal |
du- | two | Latin | duo | dual |
dub- | doubtful | Latin | dubious | |
duc-, duct- | lead | Latin | dux | abduction, 擦花conductor, introduce |
dulc- | sweet | Latin | dulcis | |
dur- | hard | Latin | durus | durable, duration, duress, endure, obdurate |
dy- | two | Greek | (duo) | dyad |
dys- | badly, ill | Greek | δυσ- | dyntery |
Root | Meaning In English | Origin Language | Etymology (Root Origin) | English Examples |
ec- | out | Greek | (ek) | eccentric |
eco- | hou | Greek | (oikos) | ecology, economics, ecumenism |
ecto- | outside | Greek | (ektos) | ectoderm |
ed-, es- | eat | Latin | edere, esus | edible |
ego- | lf, I (first person) | Latin, Greek | ego, ἐγώ | egocentric |
ego-, eg- | goat | Greek | αἴξ (aix) | egophony |
em-, empt- | buy | Latin | emere, emptus | exemption, redeem |
eme- | vomit | Greek | (emetos) | emetic |
emul- | striving to equal, rivaling | Latin | aemulus, aemulare | emulation |
en-, em- | in | Greek | (en) | emphasis |
endo- | inside | Greek | (endo) | endocrine |
engy- | narrow | Greek | ||
ennea- | nine | Greek | (ennea) | ennead, enneagon |
ens- | sword | Latin | ensis | |
eo-, eos-, eoso- | dawn, east | Greek | Eocene | |
epi-, ep- | upon | Greek | (epi) | epicenter, epoch |
epistem- | knowledge or science | Greek | epistemic | |
equ-, -iqu- | even, level | Latin | aequus | equal |
equ- | hor | Latin | equus | Equestrian |
erg- | work | Greek | (ergon) | ergonomics |
err- | stray | Latin | errare | aberration, errant |
erythr(o)- | red | Greek | ερυθρος (eruthros) | erythrocyte |
eso- | within | Greek | (esō) | esoteric |
etho-, eth-, ethi- | custom, habit | Greek | ἦθος (ethos) | ethology |
ethm- | sieve | Greek | ethmoid | |
ethn- | people, race, tribe, nation | Greek | (ethnos) | ethnic, ethnarch |
etym(o)- | true | Greek | (etumos) | etymology |
eu- | well | Greek | (eu) | euphoria |
eur- | wide | Greek | (eurus) | Europe |
ex-, e-, ef- | from, out of | Latin | ex | exclude, extrude, extend |
exo- | outside | Greek | exothermic | |
exter-, extra- | outer | Latin | exterior | |
extrem- | outermost, utmost | Latin | extremus | extremity, extremophile |
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