Chapter 8 What is Production
I. Learning Objectives
To learn the definitions of production and product life cycle;
To grasp the main idea and the structure of the text;
To master the usage of key special terms, words and phras in this chapter;
To conduct a ries of listening, speaking, reading, writing and translating activities concerned with the theme of the chapter.
II. Introduction
When we talk about production, the first thing that comes to our mind is the workers’ busy working scene in the factory. Actually, the term “production” includes more. This article will tell you what production is and why it’s so important to us.
提到生产，大家首先想到的就是工厂里工人师傅们繁忙的劳动景象。但真正意义上的生产决不仅限于此。这篇文章将告诉你究竟什么是生产，为何它对我们如此重要。
III．Main points of the text
1.Survival depends on products of the earth, the soil or water.
2.The first form of production is the production of the extractive industry.
3.The other form of production is the production of the manufacturing and construction industry.
4.All raw materials have to be treated or procesd, and moved from one place to another before they
acquire market value.
5.The effort or exertion required by production is known as labor, and its reward is wages.
IV. Background and terminology
1. raw material
an unprocesd natural product ud in manufacture 原料，供生产用的未经加工的自然材料
2. finished product制成品
二年级下册生字3. Capital Iron and Steel Works 首都钢铁厂
4. industrial worker 产业工人
5. basic cost 原始价值, 基本成本
6. market value市场价值
The amount that a ller may expect to obtain for merchandi, rvices, or curities in the open market 市场价值：卖者期望通过在开放市场上出售商品、服务或证券可以获得的价值额。
7. Introduction: How many forms of production do you know?
介绍：你知道多少种形式的生产？
①农业生产
production of extractive industry
the production of the extractive industry —the first form of production, such as gathering or procuring
raw material or produce such as plucking an apple from a tree, cutting coal from a am in a mine, or catching a fish. Survival depends on products of the earth, the soil or water
农业生产是生产的第一种形式，像从树上采摘苹果，从煤矿的煤层中采煤，或者捕鱼。人类依赖地球土壤或水中的产品生存。
②uction of manufacturing or constructing 制造业（工业）和建筑业生产
prod
The other form of production is production of the manufacturing and constructing industry including all building and engineering work, the manufacture of paper, drugs, dyes, paints and so on. It is normally concerned with transferring or transporting a commodity and quite often transforming or changing the form, shape and nature of the product. In this way the utility of the product is incread and it becomes
a saleable and marketable commodity.
第二种形式的生产是制造业和建筑业的生产，它包括所有的建筑和工程作业，以及纸张、药品、染料、油漆等等产品的生产。它通常与转移或改变商品有关，并且经常是改变产品的形状，外观和性质。通过这种方法，产品的效用增加了，从而变成了一种可销售的畅销商品。
V. Language Points
1. It can equally apply to gathering or procuring raw material or produce such as plucking an apple from a tree, cutting coal from a am in a mine, or catching a fish.
它也适用于采集或获取原材料或产品，像从树上采摘苹果，从煤矿的煤层中采煤，或者捕鱼。Produce: n. Farm products, especially fresh fruits and vegetables.农产品，尤指新鲜水果和蔬菜
①向某人申请……
2. apply: . apply to sb for sth
[Biz Eng] Our company has already applied to the China Construction Back for an L/C to be opened in your favor.
我们公司已向中国建设银行申请开设以贵方为受益人的信用证。
②适用
. apply to
[Biz Eng] Tho prices quoted will apply only to orders received on or before August 31, 2005.
报出的那些价格仅适用于2005年8月31日及其以前所收到的订单。
This theory only applies to the specific conditions.
这个理论只适用于特定条件。
③vt. 使用，应用
.
[Biz Eng] We don’t wish that the European Union should apply quota restrictions on Chine exports of textiles.
我们希望欧盟不要将配额限制应用到中国纺织品对欧盟的出口上去。
④致力于
. apply onelf to
Over the years, he has applied himlf to improving the living conditions of the migrant workers.
数年来，他致力于改善民工的生活条件。
3The other form of production is production of the manufacturing and constructing industry，which includes all building and engineering work, the manufacture of paper, drugs, dyes, paints and so on.
醋蛋液的功效与作用
我和我的朋友作文第二种形式的生产是制造业和建筑业的生产，它包括所有的建筑和工程工作、纸张、药品、染料、油漆等产品的生产。
本句中 which 引导的是一个非限定性定语从句(Non-Restrictive Attributive Claus), 非限制性定语从句是主句先行词的补充说明，没有从句并不影响主句意思的明确和完整。这种定语从句一般用逗号和主句分开。非限制性定语从句在修饰人时用 who, whom, 在修饰物时用 which, 一般不用关系代词 that。
如：
She had eight children, three of whom lived to grow up.
班费她有八个孩子，其中三个长大成人。
One herdsman, who looks after 800 sheep at most, earns about 650 yuan a year.
一个牧民至多看管800只羊，一年约挣650元。
It now has 20,000 hectares of land, more than two-thirds of which are under cultivation.
现在有两万公顷土地，其中三分之二以上已经耕种。
4It is normally concerned with transferring or transporting a commodity and quite often transforming or changing the form, shape and nature of the product. In this way the utility of the product is incread and it becomes a saleable and marketable commodity.
它通常与转移或改变商品有关，并且经常是改变产品的形状，外观和性质。通过这种方法，产品的效用增加了，从而变成了一种可销售的畅销商品。
be concerned with 与…有关的
I wasn’t concerned with such matter. 我与这件事没有任何关系。
The sum-up of the usage of “concern”:
vt.(及物动词)
①ith or relate to 涉及; 与…有关或相关
To have to do w
an article that concerns the plight of homeless people
关于无家可归者处境的文章
Attend to what concerns you. 注意与你有关的事物。
②关心；影响；关系
To be of interest or importance to
This problem concerns all of us. 这个问题攸关我们全部人。
This concerns us deeply. 这事对我们关系极大。
This concerns the healthy growth of the children deeply.
这事对孩子们的健康成长关系极大。
③参与；集中注意力于…；卷入
To engage the attention of; involve
We concerned ourlves with accomplishing the task at hand.
大秘书网我们参与了手边的这项任务
④使担忧：引起焦躁或不安：
To cau anxiety or uneasiness in
The firm's weak financial posture is starting to concern its stockholders.
这个公司的财政危机已开始困扰股东。
We're rather concerned about father's health. 我们相当担心父亲的健康。
n.（名词）
①
A matter that relates to or affects one.See Synonyms at affair
利害关系；所关切的事
It's no concern of mine. 这事与我无关。
The managing director's only concern was how to improve the quality of their products. 总经理心里想的全是如何提高产品质量。
②考虑；关心；关怀；关照
Regard for or interest in someone or something
a nur's concern for a sick man 护士对病人的关心
③ mind arising from solicitude or interest 顾虑；担心；担忧
A troubled or anxious state of
She showed great concern about you. 她很为你担心。
a matter of the utmost concern 关系重大的事，头等大事
have concern about the matter 关心此事
express [show] deep concern for sb. 表示对某人十分关心
have concern over a friend's misfortune 忧虑友人的不幸
What concern is it of yours? 此事与你有什么关系？
There is some cau for concern but no need for alarm.
是有点令人忧虑，但不必惊慌。
She has a concern in that company. 她在那家公司有股份。
as concerns 关于
as be concerned 关于；至于；就...而言
so be concerned 关于；至于；就...而言
be concerned about 关心
be concerned over sth. 为某事忧虑
小精灵的故事be concerned at sth. 为某事忧虑
be concerned in sth. 和某事有牵连
be concerned with 牵涉到，与...有关，参与
feel concern about 忧虑，挂念
have a concern in 和...有利害关系
have no concern for 毫不关心
have no concern with 和...毫无关系
it is no concern of mine 这不关我［你］的事
of much concern 很重要，很有关系
of no concern 无关紧要，没有意义
with concern 关切地
worldly concerns 世事
学生头短发女concern onelf about sth. 忙于；从事；关心，关切
concern onelf in sth. 忙于；从事；关心，关切
concern onelf with sth. 忙于；从事；关心，关切
5For example, iron ore must be extracted from far below the earth’s surface, and until it is extracted it has no real exchange value.
例如：铁矿石必须从地表深处被开采出来，在此之前它没有实际的交换价值。
Extract: vt.
①用力拔出
To draw or pull out, using great force or effort:
extract a wisdom tooth 拔出一颗智齿
②
To obtain from a substance by chemical or mechanical action, as by pressure, distillation, or evaporation 榨出，提取，蒸馏
③摘录，引用
To remove for parate consideration or publication; excerpt
extract oil from soybeans 从大豆中提炼油
extract veral passages from the speech 从发言中摘出几段话
n. 摘要; 摘记, 选集
The are all extracts from Chaucer. 这些都是乔叟诗抄中的精萃。
做焦裕禄式的县委书记
6The effort or exertion required by production is known as labor, and its reward is wages.
劳动就是生产所需的努力，而其报酬就是工资。
be known as 以...知名; 被认为是; 称为
be known for 因...而著名
be known to 为...所知
become known 出名
make onelf known to sb. 向某人作自我介绍
make sth. known 把某事(向某人)公布
make sth. known to sb. 把某事(向某人)公布
7At each stage in the chain of production, wages must be paid and many miscellaneous expens incurred before the finished product is handed over to the consumer.
在生产的每一阶段都需要偿付工资，而且在制成品移交到消费者手中之前还需支付所涉及的种种费用。
Miscellaneous implies a varied, often haphazard combination暗示着一种不同的，经常是随意的组合。e.g.
The shop carries suits, coats, shirts, and miscellaneous accessories.
这家商店摆放着套装、大衣、衬衣和一些各色的小饰品。
My reading . . . had been extremely miscellaneous. 我所阅读的东西…是非常五花八门的。
8. hand something over to somebody 把…移交给…
. I handed my find over to this guy.
①
我把我发现的东西交给了那个人。
②
. (Biz) On his retirement, he handed the business over to his son.
他退休时把公司移交给了他的儿子。
VI. Summary of the lesson
“Production’ means making or manufacturing something, gathering or procuring raw material or produce. All of the are included in the production of the extractive industry —the first form of production. The other form of production is production of the manufacturing and constructing industr
y. All raw materials have to be treated or procesd, and moved from one place to another before they acquire market value. In some process of manufacture, the finished product at one stage becomes the raw material or basic product for the next stage. The effort or exertion required by production is known as labor, and its reward is wages. At each stage in the chain of production, wages must be paid and many miscellaneous expens incurred before the finished product is handed over to the consumer. A percentage is added for profit at each exchange stage between buyer and ller, and the final price to be paid by the consumer for the finished products includes the cumulative wage packets of the industrial workers, as a rule totaling far more than the original basic cost of the product.
VII. Comprehension questions
1.What is production?
2.In what way is the utility of the product incread, and does it become a commodity?
3.What is labor?
4.How can raw materials acquire market value?
5.Must the finished production at one stage be the final product?
6.Where do the things that we eat, drink and wear come from?
