托福阅读真题100篇原文+题目(一)
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PASSAGE 1
By the mid-nineteenth century, the term icebox had entered the American language, but icewas still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice tradegrew with the growth of cities. Ice was ud in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by someforward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War (1861-1865),as ice was ud to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into houhold u. Even before 1880, halfthe ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston andChicago, went to families for their own u. This had become possible becau a new houholdconvenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented.
Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppo. In the early ninetee
nthcentury, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was esntial to a science of refrigeration,was rudimentary. The commonn notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the icefrom melting was of cour mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling.Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping the ice in blankets, which kept theice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve thedelicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox.
But as early as 1803, an ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the righttrack. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the villageof Georgetown was the market center. When he ud an icebox of his own design to transport hisbutter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs ofhis competitors to pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-poundbricks. One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have totravel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The influence of ice on the diet
爆炒鸡腿肉 (B) The development of refrigeration
(C) The transportation of goods to market
(D) Sources of ice in the nineteenth century
佛在灵山莫远求跟单员 2. According to the passage , when did the word icebox become part of the language of the
United States?
(A) in 1803
(B) sometime before 1850
(C) during the civil war
(D) near the end of the nineteenth century
3. The phra forward-looking in line 4 is clost in meaning to
(A) progressive
(B) popular
(C) thrifty
(D) well-established
4. The author mentions fish in line 4 becau
(A) many fish dealers also sold ice
(B) fish was shipped in refrigerated freight cars
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(C) fish dealers were among the early commercial urs of ice
(D) fish was not part of the ordinary person's diet before the invention of the icebox
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5. The word it in line 5 refers to
(A) fresh meat
(B) the Civil War
(C) ice
(D) a refrigerator
6. According to the passage , which of the following was an obstacle to the development of the
icebox?
(A) Competition among the owners of refrigerated freight cars
旅顺大惨案 (B) The lack of a network for the distribution of ice
(C) The u of insufficient insulation
(D) Inadequate understanding of physics
7. The word rudimentary in line 12 is clost in meaning to
(A) growing
(B) undeveloped
快乐一生 (C) necessary
(D) uninteresting
8. According to the information in the cond paragraph, an ideal icebox would
(A) completely prevent ice from melting
(B) stop air from circulating
(C) allow ice to melt slowly
(D) u blankets to conrve ice
9. The author describes Thomas Moore as having been on the right track (lines 18-19) to indicate
