英⽂科技论⽂写作中常见的问题和技巧（⾃⽤整理）
英⽂科技论⽂写作中常见的问题和技巧
没有捷径，不要偷懒
⾃⼰写的时候就注意语法问题；
写完后⽤⾄少2个语法软件进⾏快速检查，同时检查句⼦结构/冗余词汇/时态；（勤翻阅本⽂并注意⽇常积累）
需要⼤量修改的参考书籍中该部分的写法和句式结构。
⽂章⽬录
⼀、写⽂章顺序
Results and discussion（看图，清晰度，性能图）——Conclusion——Abstract——Experimental——Introduction(最难，⼀眼看出⽂章⽔平，关乎收录的关键所在，注意这⾥的创新点)
⼆、语法检查软件
1Checker， grammarly(科学), ginger(科学)
三、时态问题
在科技写作中，时态其实是容易搞定的，⼀般只涉及三种时态：⼀般过去时，⼀般现在时，现在完成时。
3.1.⼀般过去时
使⽤最多。
蓝色单词1. 在介绍他⼈成果（⽐如“XX et al. conducted an experiment on …., and found that ….”）、
2. 描述实验⽅法（⽐如，“We measured a ries of indicators, including A, B, C and D, in order to monitor changes in
XXX”)
3. 实验结果（⽐如，“the results showed that A incread significantly after XXX than before”)
3.2.⼀般现在时
党建活动总结
1. 实验结果以图形描述时，也可以⽤⼀般现在时（⽐如，“ As shown in Figure X, the sample subjected to both A and B
treatments exhibits completely different surface morphology in C test from the other two samples”)。
2. 如果⼀篇⽂章描述的是公式或理论推导，会通篇以⼀般现在时为主（⽐如，“This paper prents a novel mathematical model
on XXX”)。
3. ⼀般现在时在导⾔部分也经常被⽤到，以描述⼀般性现象（⽐如，“Global climate change is a rious threat to environment
and human survival” )。
4. 有时，结论部分也可⽤⼀般现在时。
3.3.现在完成时
⾄于现在完成时，最经常被⽤来描述过去的实验成果和发现（⽐如，“studies have shown….”或者“it has been reported that…”)。
四城联创
降压药的副作用请记住，在各种体裁的写作中，科技写作就时态和其它语法问题⽽⾔，相对来说是最简单的。掌握好最最基本的⼀般过去时，⼀般现在时和现在完成时，时态问题就不会是问题。
四、词语积累
cad缩小比例词语⽤法
etc.和including 说明所列举的项⽬列表是不完整的；完整列表⽤法：The rats were divided into three groups, namely, Group A, Group B,
and Group C.
et al.第⼀作者的姓⽒+et al.（斜体越来越少见，但如果⽤斜体要全⽂统⼀）
besides, and不要在句⼦开头使⽤；改为in addition， moreover， therefore， also等
whole， big ，
huge， a lot
不要在句⼦开头使⽤；改为entire\large, many, veral, a considerable amount of 集体名词advice, co
ntent, evidence, infrastructure, rearch, aweed, shrimp, slang很少或不⽤加s表⽰复数
respectively ⽤于缩短句⼦。The study site, a rock outcrop surrounded by forest, had a mean annual temperature, precipitation,
and humidity of 13°C, 40%, and 2 m s−1, respectively.
can’t, aren’t错误表达，应避免缩写五、标点符号
标点
符号
⽤法
逗号1. 作为⽜津逗号；2.分隔独⽴从句，由and，but，yet，so，nor，for和or连接，且该句可以独⽴存在；3.介绍性单词或短语后⾯加，in the
end, however,while,after,unfortunately 和 finally；4.
六、⽂献引⽤
错误正确备注
According to [20], . . .According to Jenkins et al.
朋友的英语单词[20], . . .
. . . is described in
[17]. . . . is described in a study
by Rowe et al. [17].
例外：IEEE中For more information, e [5], [7], [11]； As aforementioned [8], this method
has applications in . . .； As shown in [15] and [20]–[23], .
[5] reports that . . .Yang et al. [5] report that . .
.
请勿以⽂献编号作为句⼦的开头。
七、句⼦结构
结构名称⽰例句⼦备注
主语+谓语Each stimulus lasted for 1.0 c.
（介绍实验⽅法，通常⽤过去式）谓语动词是不及物动词，后⾯可有副词或介词短语等
主语＋系动词＋表语
The findings of the prent study are of great importance for deciphering the mechanism of …（摘要中常⽤）；The goal of this study was to compare method A and method B in the diagnosis of XXX dia.（不定式做表语，结果中常⽤）
主语＋谓语
＋宾语
Group A included 58 participants.
主语＋谓语
＋间接宾语
＋直接宾语
Global warming can po rious threats to environment, economy, and human health.
主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补⾜语We measured veral indicators, including A, B, C and D, during XXXX, in order to
understand…
结构名称⽰例句⼦备注
过渡词作⽤过渡词
表⽰添加also, furthermore, in addition, moreover
表⽰对⽐also, furthermore, in addition, moreover
表⽰⽐较similarly, likewi
表⽰结果therefore, thus, as a result, conquently
表⽰时间顺序first, cond, third, later, meanwhile, subquently, while
表⽰总结hence, in summary, finally
⼋、简练的重要性
尽量使⽤短句、陈述句，⼀个简单的原则是每句话不超过22个单词
避免冗杂和重复
勿在结果部分的数据中逐字重复以表格或图形呈现的结果
九、句式引⽤：
9.1. 前⾔部分
9.1.1 如何指出当前研究的不⾜以及有⽬的地引导出⾃⼰的研究的重要性
通常在叙述了前⼈成果之后，⽤However来引导不⾜，⽐如
However, little information…
little attention has been devoted to…
little work…
little data / little rearch
or few studies / investigations / few attempts havebeen don on…
or none of the studies
has (have) been less
done on … / focud on / attempted to
conducted / investigated / studied
(with respect to)
OR To the author s knowledge… There is little informationavailable in literature about…
Until recently, there is some lack of knowledge about…
Previous rearch (studies, records) has (have)
failed to consider
ignored
misinterpreted
neglected to
overestimated, underestimated
misleaded
thus, the previous results are
inconclusive / misleading…
unsatisfactory / questionable /controversial…
Uncertainties (discrepancies) still exist …
⼀定要注意绝对不能全⾯否定前⼈的成果，即使在你看来前⼈的结论完全不对。这是前⼈⼯作最起码的尊重，英⽂叫做给别⼈的⼯作credits.
所以⽂章不要出现⾮常negative的评价，⽐如Theirresults are wrong, very questionable, have no commonn, etc.
可以婉转地提出：
Their studies may be more reasonable if they had considered this situation.
Their results could be better convinced if they …
Or Their conclusion may remain someuncertainties.
9.1.2.之后引导出⼀种新⽅法，或者⼀种新⽅向。
如果研究的⽅法以及⽅向和前⼈⼀样，可以通过下⾯的⽅式强调⾃⼰⼯作的作⽤：
However, data is still scarce
rare
less accurate
there is still dearth of
We need to / aim to / have to
provide more documents / data / records / studies
increa the datat
Further studies are still necessary… / esntial…
修辞手法大全
为了强调⾃⼰研究的重要性，⼀般还要在However之前介绍⾃⼰研究问题的反⽅⾯，另⼀⽅⾯等等, ⽐如：
1)时间问题
如果你研究的问题时间上⽐较新，你就可以⼤量提及对时间较⽼的问题的研究及重要性，然后说(However)，对时间尺度⽐较新的问题研究不⾜
2)物性及研究⼿段问题
如果你要应⽤⼀种新⼿段或者研究⽅向，你可以提出当前⽐较流⾏的⽅法以及物质性质，然后说对你所研究的⽅向和⽅法，研究甚少。
3)研究区域问题
⾸先总结相邻区域或者其它区域的研究，然后强调这⼀区域研究不⾜
4)不确定性
虽然前⼈对这⼀问题研究很多，但是⽬前有两种或者更多种的观点，这种uncertanties,ambiguities，值得进⼀步澄清
5)提出⾃⼰的假设来验证
如果⾃⼰的研究完全是新的，没有前⼈的⼯作进⾏对⽐，在这种情况下，你可以⾃信地说，根据提出的过程，存在这种可能的结果，本⽂就是要证实这种结果。
We aim to test the feasibility (reliability) of the …
It is hoped that the question will be resolved (fall away) with our propodmethod (approach).
9.1.3. 如何提出⾃⼰的观点
We aim to…
键盘加速This paper reports on…
providesresults…
extends themethod…
focus on…
The purpo of this paper is to…
Furthermore, Moreover, In addition, we will also discuss…
9.1.4. 圈定⾃⼰的研究范围
前⾔的另外⼀个作⽤就是告诉读者包括(reviewer)你的⽂章主要研究内容。如果处理不好，reviewer会提出严厉的建议，⽐如你没有考虑某种可能性，某种研究⼿段等等。为了减少这种争论，在前⾔的结尾你就要明确提出本⽂研究的范围：
1)时间尺度问题
如果你的问题涉及⽐较长的时序，你可以明确地提出本⽂只关⼼这⼀时间范围的问题。
We preliminarily focus on the older (younger)…
或者有两种时间尺度的问题 (long-term and short term)，你可以说两者都重要，但是本⽂只涉及其中⼀种
2. 研究区域的问题
和时间问题⼀样，明确提出你只关⼼这⼀地区
9.1.5. 最后的原场
在前⾔的最后，还可以总结性地提出，这⼀研究对其它研究的帮助。
