Chapter 3 Word-Formation （I ）构词法
n 3.1 General Remark 概述
n 3.2 Compounding 复合构词法
n 3.3 Derivation 派生构词法
3.3.1 Prefixation 加前缀3.3.2 Suffixation 加后缀n 3.4 Conversion 词类转换法
3.1 General Remarks 概
述l The three major process
ØComposition or compounding (27%)
raindrop,snow-white,baby-sit ØAffixation or derivation (17.5%)
–prefixation 前缀法: de escalate; anti hero -suffixation 后缀法: hawk
ish ; modern ize ØConversion (10.5%) b attle battle (v.) buy (n.) l
The eight minor process of word-formation:
江南的春天
a)Initialisms and acronyms(about 9%)首字母缩略法:U.N.,TV ,UNESO,NA TO; b)Blending (about 6%)拼缀法:brunch ,telex,airtel; c)Clipping (about 2%)口语省略表达:phone,flue,lab;
d)Words from proper names(about 2%):an Uncle Tom, xerox; e)Back formation(about 1%)反成法:gangle ,vacuumclean; f)Reduplication(about 0.5%)重叠法:walkie-talkie,go-go; g)Neo-classical formations (about 4%)新古典主义构词法:psychedelic,neurolinguistics; h)Others(about 3%):pizzazz,gazuump l
宥坐之器Some basic concepts of word-formation 1.Word-formation rules
2.Root,stem,ba: ØRoot 词根: : is is is not not not further further further analyzable, analyzable, analyzable, either either either in in in terms terms terms of of of derivational derivational derivational or or or inflectional inflectional
morphology ØStem 词干: : the the the part part part of of of the the the word-form word-form word-form which which which remains remains remains when when when all all all inflectional inflectional inflectional affixes affixes affixes have have
been removed.
ØBa 词基: any form to which affixes of any kind can be added. Eg.undesirables = un = un + desire + able + s + desire + able + s
Ba: desirable → desire (ba)
undesirable → desirable (ba)undesirables → undesirable (ba)
denationalized = de + nation + al + ize + d
Root:
nation Stem: denationalize Ba: national→ nation
nationalize→ national
denationalize→ nationalize denationalized → denationalize desirable: desire (root or ba, not stem) undesirable: desirable (ba, not root, not stem) undesirables: undesirable (stem or ba, not root) desired: desire (root, stem or ba)
3.2 Compounding 复合构词法
Compounding / composition 复合构词法: A word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bas to form a new unit. Eg.flowerpot= flower + pot
machine-independent= machine + independent l The relative criteria of a compound 1. Orthographic criterion 书写标准:
Compounds are written in three ways, that is, solid, hyphenated and open.
Ø Solid 固定的: airtight ;airmail
Ø Hyphenated ：带连接符号的带连接符号的 air-conditioning Ø Open 公开的: air force, air raid
2. Phonological criterion 语音标准:
Ø Compound accent : a main stress on the first element and condary stress on the cond element.
: a main stress on the first element and condary stress on the cond element. Ø Normal p
hra accent : a condary stress on the first element and the main stress on the cond element.
3. Semantic criterion: 语义表达标准语义表达标准
语义表达标准 Semantically, compounds can be said to have a meaning which may be related to but cannot always be inferred from the meaning of its component parts.
< flowerpot-花盆花盆
workday-工作日工作日 backyard-后院后院 *we *we can can can infer infer infer the the the meaning meaning meaning from from from the the the meaning meaning meaning of of of its its component parts
n red tape(官样文章，烦琐拖沓的公事程序官样文章，烦琐拖沓的公事程序) dog days （the hottest day of the year ）三伏天）三伏天
flatfoot (a policeman)警察警察
适合发朋友圈的短句子
blue blood (the quality of being a nobleman by birth)贵
族血统族血统
blue ribbon (an (an honor honor honor given given given to to to the the the winner winner winner of of of the the the first first prize)最高荣誉最高荣誉
*we cannot infer the meaning from the meaning of its component parts
l The classification of compounding 复合构词的分类复合构词的分类复合构词的分类 Compounds Compounds are are are classified classified classified according according according to to to parts parts parts of of of speech speech speech of of of the the the compounds compounds compounds and and and subdivided subdivided subdivided by by by the the syntactic relation of the compounding element. Parts of speech:
1. Noun compounds 名次合成词名次合成词
a) Subject and verb b) Verb and object c) Verb and adverbial d) Subject and object e) Restrictive relation f) Appositive relation
2. Adjective compounds 形容词合成词形容词合成词 a) subject and verb 主谓关系主谓关系主谓关系 b) verb and object 动宾关系动宾关系动宾关系 c) verb and adverbial 谓状关系谓状关系谓状关
系 d) noun and adjective
3. Verb compounds 动词合成词动词合成词
a) Tho formed by back-formation b) Tho formed by conversion
*there are two types of syntactic relations in verb compounds
-object +verb: h oukeep houkeep ― to keep houǁ proof-read ―to read and correct the printer's proof. -adverbial +verb: b abysit babysit ―to sit with a babyǁ vacuum clean ―to clean with a vacuum cleaner ǁ
3.3 Derivation 派生构词法 Derivation Derivation / / / affixation affixation 派生构词法: : A A A process process process of of of forming forming forming new new new words words words by by by the the the addition addition addition of of of a a a word word element, such as a prefix, suffix or combining form, to an already existing word. Eg.recover = re + cover worker= work + er
l A A combining
combining combining form[form[构词成分]: ]: a a a bound bound bound morpheme, morpheme, morpheme, which which which was was was originally originally originally a a a full full full word word word in in in Latin Latin Latin or or or Greek, Greek, Greek, but but which now occurs only in derivatives.
Eg. autobiography 自传文学自传文学 auto- = autos (Gk) = lf lf + life + write autoalarm 自动报警器自动报警器 (auto + alarm) autocracy 独裁政治独裁政治 (auto + cracy)
*Combining forms are distinguished from affixes by their ability to occur as one constituent of a word who only other constituent is an affix. Eg .autocracy hydrography telephone autocracy = auto [构词成分] + cracy (suffix) hydrography = hydro [构词成分] + graphy (suffix) telephone = tele [构词成分] + phone (suffix)
l Prefixation 前缀法前缀法
Prefixation: the formation of new words by adding a prefix or combining form to the ba.
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l Classification of prefixes:
1) negative prefixes （反意前缀）: un-, non-, in-(im-, il-, ir-), dis-, a- 2) reversative / privative prefixes （相反动作前缀）:
un-, de-, dis-, 3) pejorative prefixes （贬义前缀）: mis-, mal-, pudo-
4) prefixes of degree or size （等级与大小前缀）:
arch-, super-, out-, sub-, over-, under-, hyper-, altra-, mini-
5) prefixes of attitude （态度取向前缀）（态度取向前缀）:
co-, counter-, anti-, pro- 6) locative prefixes （方位前缀）: super-, sub-, inter-, trans-
7) prefixes of time and order （时间顺序前缀）: for-, pre-, post-, ex-, re -
8) number prefixes （常用数字前缀）: uni-/mono-, bi-/di-, tri, multi-/poly-
9) miscellaneous prefixes: a uto-, auto-, neo-, pan-, proto-, mi-, vice-
l Productive prefixes: a
n ti-,de-,mini-,non-,re-,super-,un-nti-,de-,mini-,non-,re-,super-,un- 1. ant- / anti- Ø ant- / anti-== against Anti-Japane War 抗日战争抗日战争 antibody 抗体抗体
Ø ant- / anti-==unlike tradition anti-art 非正统艺术非正统艺术 anti-hero 非传统英雄非传统英雄 2.de-
Ø to to undo undo undo what what what has has has this this this been been been done, done,
rever an action or process.
Deacidify 使脱酸，降低…的酸度的酸度 Decentralize 使分散，疏散使分散，疏散 Decolonize 使非殖民化使非殖民化 Ø to remove debug 调试，除错
调试，除错 defog 从…除雾除雾 delocalize 使…离开座位，使…不受座位限制不受座位限制
3. mini-. . Ø mini-+ n 小，微of very small size ,duration ,or importance.
minibus 微型汽车微型汽车
Ø reaching reaching well well well above above above the the the knee knee knee ;very ;very short
miniskirt 超短裙超短裙
*maxi- 1)Extra-long 1)Extra-long reaching reaching reaching to to to the the the ankle ankle ankle or or or just just above it maxicoat ,maxidress 2)Extra-large
maxi-sculpture ,maxi-problems 4. non-
Ø not nonaligned 不结盟的，中立的不结盟的，中立的
nonempty 非空的非空的
Ø unlike the conventional form
nonhero=antihero 非英雄主角，反英雄非英雄主角，反英雄
Ø lack or abnce
小学运动会加油稿nonbook 无真实价值的书无真实价值的书 noncountry 不具备国家特征的国家不具备国家特征的国家
<-
Ø again recover 恢复，覆盖恢复，覆盖 reproduce 复制，再生复制，再生 recycle 循环循环 6. super- + adj. / n. + adj. / n. Ø
超，极superstar 超级明星超级明星
Ø 顶级superior 优秀的优秀的
Ø
在…之上superstructure 上层建筑上层建筑
7. un-
Ø Not
unkind 不仁慈的，不厚道的不仁慈的，不厚道的
unen 看不见的，未看见的看不见的，未看见的
Ø Rever the action
untie 解开，使自由解开，使自由
unpack 卸下，解除…的负担的负担
Ø Relea from or to deprive unleash 解开…的束缚，不受约束的束缚，不受约束
unhor 推翻，使摔下马推翻，使摔下马
l Suffixation 后缀法后缀法 Suffixation: Suffixation: the the the formation formation formation of of of a a a new new new word word word by by by adding adding adding a a a suffix suffix suffix or or or a a a combining combining combining form form form to to to the the the ba ba ba ,and ,and usually changing the word-class of the ba .
灰色沙发l Classification of Suffixation
a) Noun suffixes: noun —noun suffixes/denominal noun suffixes:-hood ,-ship ,-let ,-dom adjective ----noun suffixes/deadjectival noun suffixes:-ness,-ist,-ism,-ity verb----noun suffixes /deverbal noun suffixes:-er,-ee,-ation,-ment
b) Verb suffixes: very few in English :-ify,-ize,-en c) Adjective suffixes :noun ----adjective suffixes:-ful,-less,-y,-ish
Other adjective suffixes:
-able,-ed,-al,-ic,-ous d) Adverb suffixes:-ly,-wards,-wi -ly,-wards,-wi
l Productive suffixes 创造性后缀：-able ，-er ，-in ，-ish ，-ize ，-y
1.-able
Ø having the stated quality or condition changeable, variable, knowledgeable changeable= be able to be changed vt. + able ®adj.
Ø Variable = able to vary vi. + able ®adj.
knowledgeable = know a lot n. + able ®adj. 2. –er
他教书教得很好。他教书教得很好。
He teaches very well. He is a good teacher
3. –in
Ø v.-in protesting protesting against against against racial racial racial discrimination, discrimination,
public demonstration
ride-in, swim-in
sit-in, lie-in, work-in be-in, drop-in, sing-in,
Ø social gathering drive-in 4. –y
Ø N+.-y ®adj ==full of, covered with, characterized by…
risky, dirty
Ø v+.-y ®adj== having having a a a trendy trendy trendy to, to, to, inclined inclined
to…
Sleepy
l Differentiating suffixes同根近义词/区分后缀
区分后缀
ØContinuance= continue + ance
the state of continuing
ØContinuation= continue + action
微信怎么设置指纹支付the act of continuing
ØContinuity = continue + ity
the quality of being continuous
3.4 Conversion 词类转换法
Conversion: is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix.
l The types of conversion
数量最多
原因：In contemporary English, there is a tendency of ―a preponderance of nouns over verbs ǁThere are only a few verb-forming affixes in English.
a)to put in/on N. The workers c anned
canned apples. put apples in can s
b)to give / provide N. They sheltered the orphans. give shelter to the orphans
c)to deprive of N
Bill weeded the garden.
cut off w eeds
weeds in the garden
d)to do sth. with N. John braked the car. stopped the car with a
brake
e)to act as N. She mothered the orphan. (human n.)
looked after the orphan like a
mother
Tom parroted what the boss had said. (animal n.) repeatsth. like a parrot
f)to make / change sth. into N.
Plea cash this cheque for me.
change this cheque into cash
g)to nd sth. / go by N.
W e bicycled to the Summer Palace.
went to the Palace by
bicycle
h)to spend the period of time denoted by N. We summered in Qingdao.
spent summer in Qingdao
2.verb → noun conversion
a)State of mind / nsation He had a desire to be a scientist. desired to be a…
b)Event /activity
His usual morning commute to work
an act of commuting
c)Object or result of v.
This little restaurant is quite a
find.
sth. found, esp. sth. valuable or pleasing
d)Agent of v.
He is a great bore.
He is a person who bores everyone.
e)Instrument of v.
The cloth is a good
cover for the table.
I covered the table with a cloth.
f) Place of V
This is the divide between the two rivers.
This is the place where the two rivers divide.
3.adj. → verb conversion
a) Intransitive verbs不及物动词
难道近义词
不及物动词 to become the adj.
pale, slim, sour
b) Transitive verbs及物动词
及物动词 to cau sb. / sth. to become the adj.
free, warm, smooth
4.adj. → noun conversion
Partial conversation: some adjectives are ud as nouns when preceded by the definite article. 特点：take on only some of the features of the noun
