六味地黄丸的功效健康养生：肥胖和癌症风险（英文）
invent
Obesity and Cancer Risk橄榄球视频
Key Points
During the past veral decades, the percentage of overweight and obe adults and children has incread markedly.
Obesity is associated with incread risks of cancers of the esophagus, breast (postmenopausal), endometrium (the lining of the uterus), colon and rectum, kidney, pancreas, thyroid, gallbladder, and possibly other cancer types.
Obe people are also at higher risk of coronary heart dia, stroke, high blood pressure, diabetes, and a number of other chronic dias.
What is obesity?
Obesity is a condition in which a person has an abnormally high and unhealthy proportion o
f body fat.
To measure obesity, rearchers commonly u a scale known as the body mass index (BMI). BMI is calculated by dividing a person’s weight (in kilograms) by their height (in meters) squared. BMI provides a more accurate measure of obesity or being overweight than weight alone.
Guidelines established by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) place adults age 20 and older into the following categories bad on their BMI:不支持此配件
BMI BMI Categories
Below 18.5 Underweight
18.5 to 24.9 Normal
25.0 to 29.9 Overweight
30.0 and above Obe
The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute provides a BMI calculator.
For children and adolescents (less than 20 years of age), overweight and obesity are bad on the Centers for Dia Control and Prevention’s (CDC) BMI-for-age growth charts:
鲨鱼的祖先是什么BMI BMI Categories
BMI-for-age at or above x-specific 85th percentile, but less than 95th percentile
Overweight
BMI-for-age at or above x-specific 95th percentile Obe
Compared with people of normal weight, tho who are overweight or obe are at greater risk for many dias, including diabetes, high blood pressure, cardiovascular dias, stroke, and certain cancers.
How common is overweight or obesity?
Results from the 2007-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) show that 68 percent of U.S. adults age 20 years and older are overweight or obe. In 1988-1994, by contrast, only 56 percent of adults age 20 and older were overweight or obe.
In addition, the percentage of children who are overweight or obe has also incread. Among children and teens ages 2 to 19, 17 percent are estimated to be obe, bad on the 2007–2008 survey. In 1988–1994, that figure was only 10 percent.
土人设计What is known about the relationship between obesity and cancer?
Obesity is associated with incread risks of the following cancer types, and possibly others as well:
Esophagus
Pancreas
Colon and rectum
吴欣娟Breast (after menopau)
Endometrium (lining of the uterus)
Kidney
Thyroid
Gallbladder
One study, using NCI Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data, estimated that in 2007 in the United States, about 34,000 new cas of cancer in men (4 percent) and 50,500 in women (7 percent) were due to obesity. The percentage of cas attributed to obesity varied widely for different cancer types but was as high as 40 percent for some cancers, particularly endometrial cancer and esophageal adenocarcinoma.
A projection of the future health and economic burden of obesity in 2030 estimated that c
ontinuation of existing trends in obesity will lead to about 500,000 additional cas of cancer in the United States by 2030. This analysis also found that if every adult reduced their BMI by 1 percent, which would be equivalent to a weight loss of roughly 1 kg (or 2.2 lbs) for an adult of average weight, this would prevent the increa in the number of cancer cas and actually result in the avoidance of about 100,000 new cas of cancer.
Several possible mechanisms have been suggested to explain the association of obesity with incread risk of certain cancers:
Fat tissue produces excess amounts of estrogen, high levels of which have been associated with the risk of breast, endometrial, and some other cancers.
Obe people often have incread levels of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in their blood (a condition known as hyperinsulinemia or insulin resistance), which may promote the development of certain tumors.
Fat cells produce hormones, called adipokines, that may stimulate or inhibit cell growth. F
or example, leptin, which is more abundant in obe people, ems to promote cell proliferation, whereas adiponectin, which is less abundant in obe people, may have antiproliferative effects.
Fat cells may also have direct and indirect effects on other tumor growth regulators, including mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and AMP-activated protein kina.
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