Chapter 1 The Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary
1、The Definition of a Word
Lexicology focus on the study of meanings and origins of words.
According to manticists（语义学家）, a word is a unit of meaning.
A word is a minimal（最小的）free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning
and syntactic function（句法功能）.
2、 Vocabulary
All the words in a language make up what is generally known as its vocabulary.
3、 Sound and Meaning
The relationship between sound and meaning is no logic
4、 Sound and Form
大国梦
There was more agreement between sound and form in Old English than in Modern English.
With the development of the language, more and more differences aro between sound and form.
（1）、What is the relationship between sound and meaning? Give examples to illustrate it.
50字作文The relationship between sound and meaning is arbitrary and conventional. In different
languages, the same concept can be shown by different sounds. “Woman”, for example,
becomes “Frau” in German, “Femme” in French and “fu nv” in Chine. On the other
hand, the same sound [mi:t] is ud to mean “meet, meat, mete”, denoting different
things.
（2）、What are the four major reasons for the differences between sound and form?
The first reason (he internal reason) is that there are more phonemes （音素）than letters
in English. Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than
spelling over the years. The third reasons that some of the differences more created by
the early scribes. The fourth reason is the borrowing.
（3）、How are words classified in the cour book?
Words can be classified by different criteria and for different purpos. Words may fall
into: the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by u frequency; content words and
functional words by notion; native words and borrowed words by origin; simple words,
手机型号compounds and derived words by morphology.
（4）、What is the difference between denizens and aliens?
Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated（完全同化）into the English language. But aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling. The words are immediately recognizable as foreign in origin.
Chapter 2 The Development of the English Vocabulary
1、The Indo-European Language Family
The prehistoric Indo-European parent language, thought to be a highly inflected （内部曲折语）lang
uage.
The first peoples who inhabited the land were Celts.
The cond language known in English was Latin of the Roman Legions.
（1）、Old English（450-1150）
In the 9th century England was invaded by Norwegian and Danish Vikings.
（2）、Middle English（1150-1500）
The French influence on English vocabulary was one of the significant points of the
Middle English period.
The most important fact of the Middle English period was the steady erosion of the
inflectional systems of Old English.
（3）、Modern English（1500-prent）
In the early period of Modern English, Europe saw a new upsurge of learning ancient
Greek and Roman classics.
It is estimated that about one fourth of modern English vocabulary has come from French.
3、 Foreign Elements in the English Vocabulary
In earlier stages of English, Latin, Greek, French and Scandinavian were the four major contributors.
The simultaneous existence of French, Latin and English lasted for a century.
4、 Modes of Vocabulary Development
Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: creation, mantic change（旧词新义）and borrowing.
电脑扬声器显示未插上Creation is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.
朋友圈权限5、简答
What are the characteristics of Old English?
Old English also known as the Anglo-Saxon, has a vocabulary of about 50000 to 60000 words, which are almost monogeneous and entirely Germanic with only a few borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian. Old English was a highly inflected language.It was a synthetic language（综合性语言）.（Modern English is an analytic language）
Chapter 3 Morphological Structure of English Words
1、 Morphemes
The minimal meaningful units in English are known as morphemes（词素）.
Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs.
4、 Allomorphs（词素变体）
An allomorph refers to a member of a t of morphs, which reprent one morpheme.
6、A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of
identity.
7、简答
（1）、What is the difference between free morphemes and bound morphemes?
Free morphemes which have complete meanings in themlves and can be ud as free
grammatical units in ntences are independent of other morphemes, but bound
morphemes which cannot occur as parate. Words are bound to other morphemes to form words or to perform a particular grammatical function.
（2）、What is the difference between derivational morphemes and inflectional morphemes?
Derivational morphemes are ud to derive new words, but inflectional morphemes are
employed ud to indicate the syntactic （句法）relationship between words and function
as grammatical markers.
Chapter 4 Word Formatio
The most productive ways of creating new words are affixation, compounding, and conversion. 1、Affixation
derivatives.
2、Compounding（复合法）
Example: workfare(work+welfare)
In adjective-plus-noun compounds, the adjective element cannot take inflectional suffixes.
Verb compounds are created either though conversion or through back-formation.
3、Conversion（转类法）
The conversion that takes place between nouns and verbs is the most productive.
The conversion of two syllable nouns into verbs involves a change of stress.
毕业论文开题报告Nouns fully converted from adjectives have all the characteristics of nouns.
4、 Blending（拼缀法）
The overwhelming majority of blends are nouns
5、Back-formation（逆身法）
Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation.
6、简答
春江水暖鸭先知的意思（1）、What is the main difference between prefixes and suffixes?
洗眼睛怎么洗Unlike prefixes which primarily effect a mantic modification of the ba, suffixes
have only a small mantic role, their primary function being to changes the
grammatical function of a ba, i.e. the change of the word class with a slight
modification of meaning.
（2）、What are the three main features of compounds?
The three main features of compounds are phonological features, mantic features and grammatical features. The word stress of a compound usually occurs on the first element.
Each compound should express a single idea just as one word. A compound tends to play
a single grammatical role in a ntence.
（3）、What is back-formation? What are the characteristics of back-formation?
Back-formation is the method of creating words by removing the suppod suffixes.
Words created through back-formation are verbs. Stylistically, back-formed words are largely informal and some of them have not successfully gained currency.
