英语词汇学
Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origing and meaning of words(WNWD). English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morephological structures of english words and word equivalents, their mantic structures, relations, historical development, formatain and usages
卷白菜
Empty words---As their chief function is to express the relation between notions, the relation between words as well asbetween ntences, they are known as form words.
1Borrowed words which still sound foreign and look foreign are aliens
2there is no intrinsic 深刻近义词relationship between sound and meaning as the connection between them is糖水黄桃 arbitrary and conventional.
3denizens are borrowing that have become naturalized or as similated in English.
4Archaisms are words no longer in common u or obsolete in u.
5Content words are changing all the time wheras functional words are stable functional words enjoy a higher frequency in u than content words.
6A word who meaning was borrowed from another language is called mantic loan
祝福图Old English was a language of full endings,middle English was one of leveled endings.
Although borrowing remained an important channel of vocabulary expansion,yet more words are created by means of word-formation.
There are three main sources of new words:the rapid development of modern science and technology;social,economic and political changes;the influence of other cultures and languages.
The language ud between 450and 1150in called Old English , which has a vocablary of 50,000-60,000. Middle english refers to the language spoken from 1150 to 1500, followed by the mordern english period, subdivided as early modern english 1500—1700 and late mordern (1700-up to now).
Morphemes---it ems to be generally agreed that a word is the smallest unit of a language that stands alone to communicate meaning.
最近的近义词Affixation----Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. Tish proccess is also known as derivation.for new words created in this way are derived from old forms.the words formed in this way are called derivtives. According to the positions which affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into two subclass:prefixation and suffixation.
Yacht(Dutch)游艇 taboo(Polynesion)禁忌 cotton(Araic)棉花 chocolate(Mexican) 巧克力 coolie(Hindi)苦力 czar(russian)沙皇 kimono(Japane)和服芹菜虾仁 boomerang(Australian native)回飞器 chili(mexican)干辣椒 shampoo(hindi)香波 wonton(chine)混沌新学期学习计划 tatami(Japane)草垫 wok(Chine)锅 sauerkraut(German)泡菜
Context is ud in different ns. In a narrow n, it refers to the words, claus, ntences in which a word appears.
The definition of a word compris the following points:1 a minimal free form of a language 2 a sound unity 3a unit of meaning 4a form that can say that can function alone in a ntence.
1a minimal meaningful unit of a language (morphemes)
2one of the variants that realize a morpheme(allomorph)
3a morpheme that occures with at least one other morpheme(bound morpheme)
4a morpheme that can stand alone(free morpheme)
5 a morpheme attached to a stem or root(affix)
6an affix that indicatesgrammatical relationships(inflectional affix)
7an affix that forms new words with a stem or root(derivational affix) individualistic
8What remains of a word after the removal of all affixes(root)
9a form to which affixes of any kind can be added(stem)
Individualistic individualist(stem) individual(stem) dividual(stem) dividu(root,stem)
经典恐怖电影Undesirables undesirable(stem) desirable(stem) desire(root,stem)
Figures of speech 修辞格
simile明喻As mute as a fish
metaphor暗语animals are ud to refer to people.
metonymy转义this refers to idioms in which the name of one thing is ud for that of anotherassociated.
synecdoche借代fall in to good hands
personification拟人the pot calls the cattle black
euphemism:the call of nature
