词汇
elusive adj. 难懂的
notion n. 见解，概念
outt n.开端
criteria n.标准，条件（criterion的复数
linguist n. 语言学家
horizontally adv. 水平地；地平地
manticists n. 语义学者
vocal adj. 歌唱的；声音的，有声的
compri vt. 包含；由…病梅馆记原文及翻译组成
syntactic adj. 句法的
polysyllabic adj. 多音节的
compel vt. 强迫
compulsion n. 强制；强迫；强制力
concealment n. 隐藏，隐蔽；隐匿处
discreditable adj. 丢脸的；不名誉的；有损信用的；败坏名声的
hence adv. 因此；今后
symbolic adj. 象征的；符号的；使用符号的
arbitrary adj. [数] 任意的；武断的；专制的
conventional adj. 符合习俗的，传统的；常见的；惯例的
cluster n. 群；簇；丛；串
scribe n. 抄写员；作家
deliberately adv. 故意地；谨慎地；慎重地
haste n. 匆忙
vertical adj. 垂直的
alike adj.相似的
sacred adj. 神的；神圣的
assimilated 吸收
dialect n. 方言
accumulated adj. 累积的
constitute vt. 组成，构成
monosyllabic 单音节的
undergoing vt. 经历
小儿腹痛suffice vt. 使满足
illustration n. 说明
endure vt. 忍耐
instance n. 实例
monomous adj. 单义的
mere adj. 仅仅的
blunt adj. 钝的
justify V 证明
stylistically adv. 在文体上
heterogeneity n. [生物] 异质性；[镇江历史化学] 不均匀性；扶持资金[化学] 多相性
cosmopolitan adj. 世界性的
reveal vt. 显示；透露；揭露；泄露n. 揭露；暴露；门侧，窗侧
第一章
一：陈孝天1.Lexicology is a branch of linguistics,inquiring into the origins and meanings of words.
词汇学算哪一门学科的分支（语言学）
2.Lexicology:morphology（词法，词态学）,mantics,stylistics,etymology（语源学）,lexicography（词典学）
词汇学和哪些重要学科建立了联系
3.Diachronic approach(历时语言学),Synchronic approach(共时语言学)
研究词汇的两大方法
二：1.词的特点：1）a minimal free form of a language.2)a sound unity. 3) a unit of meaning . 4)a form that can function alone in a ntence
什么是词：A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.
2.词的分类（按发音）：simple words(man),complex words(balckmail)
3.sound and meaning:
1) There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning
2)The relationship between them is conventional and arbitrary (e.g.dog,girl)
3)In different languages the same concept can be reprented by different sounds. (e.g.woman means ‗Frau‘ in German, ‗Femme‘ in French and ‗Funv ‗in Chine. ) .本科论文模板
4) The same sound can denote different things.(knight,night)
4.sound and form
relation:1)the written form is the written record of the oral form,so it should agree with t
he oral form. 2)with the development of the languages,more and more differences occur between the two.
The difference between sound and form result from 4 major factors.
(At least 80%of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns)
a). the internal reason is English alphabet does not have a parate letter to reprent each sound in the language. (more phonemes than letters)
b). Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling
c). Influence of the work of scribes/printing freezes the spelling of words in 1500
d). Borrowing of foreign language (e.g.stimulus(L),eureka(Gr)
influenced by Romans,Pronunciation changed,early scribes,borrowing
三.vocabulary:all the words
四.分类：
frequency:
1.the basic word stock:
1).all national character( national phenomena;names of plants,and animals;action,size,stage,domain;human body and relations;numerals, pronouns, preposition,conjection)
2).productivity(root words,monosyllabic foot)
3).stability
4).collocability (heart)
5).polymy(take)
2.non-basic word stock:
1.) terminology-technical terms
2).jargon-specialized vocabulary in certain professions.
3).slang -- substandard words often ud in informal occasions 手机号找人
4).argot –words ud by sub-cultured groups
5).dialectal words –only by speakers of the dialect
6).archaisms –words no longer in common u or restricted in u
7).neologism –newly created words with new meaning
notion:
1.Content word (notional word) – denote clear notions. (numerous,growing)
2.Functional word(empty/form word)-express the relation between words and ntences. (small,stable,do far more work of expression than content words. )
origin:
1.native words-are words brought to Britain in the 15thcentury by the German tribes青树翠蔓
特点
1.) neutral in style (not stylistical specific )
2.)frequent in u (in academic fields and science French, Latin or Greek are ud)
(usage 70-90%)
2.Borrowed words (loan words, borrowing)- words taken over from foreign language. 80%
分四种（按同化程度和取得方式）
1).Denizens –
words borrowed early and now are well assimilated into English language. (
