Key to chapter 1
（本章答案由彭欢、姜冉冉、曹汉丽整理，在此致谢！）
.A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.
2. Vocabulary refers to the sum total of all the words in a language. In other words, vocabulary is compod of words and words make up vocabulary. If we compare vocabulary to a family, words are family members.
3. Sound is the physical aspect of a word and meaning is what the sound refers to. Sound and meaning are not intrinsically related and their collection is arbitrary and conventional. For example, tree/tri:/ means 树in English becau the English-speaking people have agreed to do so just as Chine people u/shù/ (树) to refer to the same thing. This explains why people of different languages u different sounds to express the same concept. However, in the same languages, the same sound can denote different meanings, e.g. /rait/ can mean right, rite, and write.
4. There are generally four major caus of the differences between sound and form. ⑴ There are more phonemes than letters in English, so there is no way to u one letter to reprent one phoneme. ⑵ 打非是什么意思The stabilization of spelling by printing, which breaks the synchronized change of sound and spelling. ⑶ Influence of the work of scribes, who deliberately changed the spelling of words and ⑷ borrowing, which introduces many words which are against English rules of pronunciation and spelling.
5 .Early scribes changed the spelling of many words while copying things for others becau the original spelling forms in cursive writing were difficult for people to recognize, such as sum, cum, wuman, munk and so on. Later, the letter u with vertical lines was replaced with o, resulting in the current spelling forms like some, come, woman, monk. The changed spelling forms are more distinguishable to readers.
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6. Words of the basic word stock form the common core of the English language. They are the words esntial to native speakers’ daily communication. Such words are characterized by all national character, stability, polymy, productivity and collocability.花样编织针法大全
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7. a. loo woman b. fellow c. pistol d. great e. coward
f. fight g. police h. drunk i. woman j. girl
8. haply = perhaps albeit= although
methinks = it ems to me eke= also
smooth= truth morn= morning阿拉伯飞毯
troth= pledge ere= before
quoth = said hallowed= holy
billow= wave/ the a bade= bid
9. Neologisms refer to newly-coined words or old words with new meanings. For example, euro(欧元), e-book(电子书), SARS(非典), netizen (网民), are newly-coined words. Words like mou(鼠标),web(网络),space shuttle(航天飞机) etc. are old words which have acquired new meanings.
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10. By notion, words fall into content words and functional words. Content words include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals, which have clear notions; whereas functional words are void of notions but are mainly ud to connect content words into ntences. Content words are numerous and changing all the time, while functional words are small in number and stable. But functional words have much higher frequency in u than content words.
11. Native words form a small portion of the English vocabulary, but they make up the mainstream of the basic word-stock which belongs to the common core of the English language. Compared with most loan-words, native words are mostly esntial to native speakers’ daily communication and enjoy a much higher frequency in actual u.
定投12. 含动物名称的成语Denizens Aliens Translation loans Semantic loans
kettle confrere chopsticks dream
die pro patria black humour
skirt parvenu long time no e
wall Wunderkind typhoon
husband Mikado
