1 沙参种子Basic Concepts 基本概念
1.1the definition of a word
（The definition of a word 进群自我介绍简单大方compris the following points: (1) a minimal free form of a language; (2) a sound unity; (3) a unit of meaning; (4) a form that can function alone in a ntence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.）
1.2sound and meaning ：symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional. A dog is called a dog not becau the sound and the three letters that
make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question.
1.3sound and form ：
1.4vocabulary
1.5classification of words
词汇分类
2 Development
It is assumed that the world has approximately 3, 000 (some put it 5, 000 ) languages, which can be grouped into roughly 300 language families on the basis of
similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.
扶老人
2.1 Indo-European
印欧语
2.2 Historical review
历史概述
2.3 Growth of Prent-day English Vocabulary
血小板增多的原因Creation 创词—— formation of new words, most important
mantic change 亚运会场馆旧词新义—— old form with new meaning, new usages
borrowing 借词—— vital role
2.4 Modes of Vocabulary Development
3 Word Formation
3.1 Morphemes 词素
Definition: The minimal meaningful units are known as morphemes. In other words, the morpheme is "the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words".词素是“构词中最小功能单位”。
3.2 Allomorphs 语素变体
Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. 'They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning'.
The morpheme is to the morph what a phoneme is to a phone. 词素是一个音素发音的语素。词素是真正能发音的最小的意义载体。
morpheme
3.3 Types of Morphemes酱猪肉
3.4 Root and Stem
The affixation and compounding involve different word-forming elements
词缀法和混合涉及不同的词语构成因素
4 Word-formation
Word formation
构词的方式
空的近义词
4.1 Affixation 词缀法 falls into two subclass（子类）:
Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation, for new
words created in this way are derived from old forms. The words formed in this way are called derivatives.
词缀法可定义为通过给词干加结构词词缀或派生词缀构成新词的一种构词方法。用这种方法构成的词叫派生构词。因为通过这种方式创造的新词是从旧词
派生而来。通过这种方式造出的词叫做“派生词”。
4.1.1 Prefixation 前缀法
（we shall classify prefixes on a mantic basis
许添盛
into nine groups 我们可以在语义基础上
将前缀分为九类）
Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning.
前缀法是在词干上加上前缀构词的一种方法，前缀一般不改变词干的词类，只对词干的意义进行修饰。
4.1.2 Suffixation
后缀法
Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. Unlike prefixes which primarily change the meaning of the stem .Suffixes have only a small
mantic role, their primary function being to change the grammatical function of stems. In other words, they mainly change the word class.
后缀法是在词干加上后缀来构成新词。不像主要改变词干意义的前缀，后缀的只有很小语义作用，其主要功能是改变词干的语法功能。换句话说，他们
主要是改变词性。
4.2 Compounding 复合法
Compounding, also called composition, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. Words formed in this way are called compounds. So a compound
