In a world of satellite communications and fiber optics, real-time journalism is routine; but now we journalists had added the experti of the audience. 热继电器的作用
This book is about journalism’s transformation from a 20th century mass-media structure to something profoundly more grassroots and democratic. In the 20th century, making the news was almost entirely the province of journalists;the people we covered, or “news-makers”; and the legions of public relations and marketing people who manipulated everyone. The economics of publishing and broadcasting created large, arrogant institutions----call it Big Media.什么凛然
Big Media treated the news as a lecture. We told you what the news was. (If we were television and you complained, we ignored you entirely unless the complaint arrived on a libel lawyer’s letterhead.) Tomorrow’s news reporting and production will be more of a conversation, or a minar. The lines will blur between producers and consumers, changing the role of both in ways we’re only beginning to grasp now. Thecommunication network itlf will be a medium for everyone’s voice, not just the few who can afford to buy multimilli
on-dollar printing press, launch satellites, or win the government’s permission to squat on the public’s airwaves.
This evolution----from journalism as lecture to journalism as a conversation or minar----will force the various communities of interest to adapt. Everyone, from journalists to the people we cover to our sources and the former audience, must change their ways.
Governments are very uneasy about the free flow of information, and allow it only to a point. Legal clampdowns and technological measures to prevent copyright infringemnet could bring a day when we need permission to publish, or when publishing from the edge feels too risky. The “copyright cartel” has targeted some of the esntial innovations of tomorrow’s news, such as the peer –to-peer file sharing that does make infringemnet easier but also gives citizen journalists one of the only affordable ways to distribute what they create. Governments insisit on the right to track everything we do, but more and more politicians and bureaucrats shut off access to what the public needs to know---information that increasingly surfaces through the efforts of nontraditional media.
In short, we cannot just assume that lf-publishing from the edges of our networks---the grassroots journalism we need sodesperately---will survive, much less thrive. We will need to defend it, with the same vigor we defend other liberties. Instead of a news anarchy or lockdown, I ek a balance that simultaneously prerves the best of today’s system and encourages tomorrow’s emergent, lf-asmbling journalism.
The ri of the citizen journalist will help us listen. The ability of anyone to make the news will give new voice to people who’ve felt voiceless---and who words we need to hear. They are showing all of us----citizen, journalist, newsmaker---new ways of talking, of learning. They may help spark a renaissance of the notion, now threatened, of a truly informed citizenry. Self—government demands no less, and we’ll all benefit if we do it right. Let’s have this conversation,for everyone’s sake.
港琪月饼
Chapter 1: From Tom Paine to Blogs and Beyond
2001,9.11: 通过新闻，其实我们并不知道那天有多么awful. It did not emerge fully formed or from a vacuum. Rather, the are obrvations, including some personal experiences t
掩护犯规
hat help illustrate the evolution of what we so brazenly call “new media”.
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America, born in vocal disnt, did something esntial early on . The U.S. Constitution’s First Amendment has many facets, including its protection of the right of protest and practice of religion, but freedom of speech is the most fundamental part of a free society. Thomas Jefferson said that if given the choice of newspapers or government, he’d take the newspapers. P1
Personal journalism is also not a new invention. People have been stirring the pot since before the nation’s founding; one of the most prominent in America’s early history was Ben Franklin, who Pennsylvania Gazette was civic-minded and occasionally controversial.
Pamphleteers-----before the First Amendment was enshrined into law and guaranteed a free press, published their writings at great personal risk. Eg: Thomas Paine, inspired many with his powerful writings about rebellioon, liberty, and government in the late 18th century. He was not the first to take pen to paper in hopes of pointing out
what he called common n. More important were the anonymous authors of the Federalist Papers. Their work, analyzing the propod Constitution and arguing the fundamental questions of how the new Republic might work,has reverberated through history. The Federalist Papers were esntially a powerful conversation that helped make a nation.
19th社区矫正个人总结: newspapers flourished . but had little concern for objectivity. Papers had points of view, reflecting the politics of their backers and owners. “Yellow Journalism” (Joph Pulitzer & William Randolph Hearst abud their considerable powers. Hearst is notorious for helping to spark the Spanish—American War in 1898 by inflaming public opinion.祝福老人的健康吉祥话
