中山大学2003年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题
科目代码：453
科目名称：语言学概论
参考答案：
I.
1.ally / / 2. adjourn/ /
3. ascend/ / 4.embryo /´ mbri /
5. lable / / 6. entrepreneur/ /
7. piteous / / 8. resurrect / /
9.nuisance / / 10. genre / /
II.
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1. system
2. sounds
怎么做会议记录4.NoamChomsky
5. complementary distribution
6. free form
7. collocation
当当响8.exocentric
9. The Meaning of Meaning
10. tenor
11.Sapir- Whorf
12.Handbook of American Indian Language
文的一生
13. Systemic-Functional
14. Lingnan
15. cleft
III.
1. Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication, such as arbitrariness, creativity.
2. Language is not an isolated phenomenon; it is a social activity carried out in a certain environment by human beings. In the cour of time the study of language has established clo links with other branches of social studies, resulting in some interdisciplinary branches of linguistics study. They are generally regarded as macrolinguistics, for example, sociolinguistics, and psycholinguistics.
3. When the air stream coming from the lungs meets with no obstruction whatsoever, the sound produced in this way is a vowel.
4. The two words in a language which differ form each other by only one distinctive sound (one phoneme) and which also differ in meaning are minimal pair. For example, the English words bear and pear are a minimal pair as they differ in meaning and in their initial phonemes /b/ and /p/.
5. Folk etymology refers to a change in form of a word or phra, resulting from an incorrect popular notion of the origin or meaning of the term or from the influence of more familiar terms mistakenly taken to be analogous.
6.Ten refers to the relationship between the form of the verb and the time of the action or state it describes. In English, verbs may be in the past and prent ten.
7.Immediate constituent analysis may be defined as the analysis of a ntence in terms of its immediate constituents-word groups (or phras), which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached. In practice, for the sake of convenience, we usually stop at the level of word.
8. Anaphor is a process where a word or phra refers back to another word or phra which was ud earlier in a text or conversation.
9. Error analysis is the study and analysis of error and is confined to the language learner.
10. Metaphor makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but this comparison is implied rather than stated.
IV.
1. Grice noticed that in daily conversations people do not usually say things directly but tend to imply them. For example, when A and B are talking about their mutual friend C, who is now working in a bank, and A asks B how C is getting on, B might answer “ oh quite well, I think; he likes his colleagues, and he hasn’t been to prison yet.” Here B certainly implied something, though he did not say it explicitly. Grice suggests that we can make a distinction between what B said in this ca and what he implied, suggested or m日久天长
eant. Grice coined the term implicature, and he explored the question of how people manage to convey implicature, which is not explicitly expresd. His answer is that there is some regularity in conversation and form the cooperative principle.
2. Text style looks cloly at how linguistic choices help to construct textual meaning. Just as authors can be said to have styles, so can text. For example, Critics can talk the style of Middlemarch, or even parts of it, as well as the style of George Eliot. When the style of texts or extract form texts is examined, we are more centrally concerned with meaning than with the world view version of authorial style, and so when we examine text style we will need to examine linguistic choices which are intrinsically connected with meaning and effect on the reader.
3. In systemic-functional grammar the ideational function is to convey new information, to communicate a content that is unknown to the hearer. The whole of the transitivity system is part of the ideational component. In this respect, this function not only specifies the available options in meaning but also determine the nature of their structural realization.
The function of transitivity is that of encoding our experience in the form of an ideational content. The notions of Actor, Process and the like make n only if we assume an ideational functions in order to satisfy some theory of linguistic functions; an analysis in something like the terms is necessary if we are to explain the structure of claus. The clau is a structural unit, and it is the one by which we express a particular range of ideational meanings, both concrete and abstract, and the process of the external world, both concrete and abstract, and the process of our own consciousness, eing, liking, thinking, talking and so on.
V.五步拳教学教案
1. The principal reprentative of American descriptive linguistics is Bloomfield. Bloomfield ‘s work language was once held as the model of scientific methodology and the greatest work in linguistics on both sides of the Atlantic in the twentieth century. For Bloomfield, linguistics is a branch of psychology, and especially of the positivistic brand of psychology known as behaviorism. When the behaviorist methodology entered linguistic
via Bloomfield’s writings, the popular practice in linguistic study was to accept what a native speaker says in his language and to discard what he says about it.
Bloomfield exemplified his process of stimulus-respon theory in an interesting way. Through a story of Jack and Jill, His first principle is: when one individual is stimulated, his speech can make another individual react accordingly. The cond principle is: the division of labor and all human activities bad on the division of labor are dependent on language. His third principle is: the distance between the speaker and hearer, we parate nervous systems, is bridged up by sound waves. From this, he put forward the well known S→r…………s→R formula. Here S鱿鱼圈怎么做好吃 stands for practical stimulus, r stands for the substitute reaction of speech, s 屐的读音stands for the substitute stimulus, and R stands for external practical reaction. Bloomfield argues that meaning consists in the relation between speech indicated by the small letters r…………s and the practical events reprented by the capitalized letters S and R that precede and follow them respectively.
