LINGUISTICS A COURSE BOOK
Define the following terms:
1. design feature: are features that define our human languages, such as arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement, cultural transmission, etc.
2. function: the u of language to communicate, to think ,etc. Language functions inclucle informative function, interpersonal function, performative function, interpersonal function, performative function, emotive function, phatic communion, recreational function and metalingual function.
3. etic: a term in contrast with emic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics. Being etic mans making far too many, as well as behaviously inconquential, differentiations, just as was ofter the ca with phonetic vx. phonemic analysis in linguistics proper.
4. emic: a term in contrast with etic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinctio
n of phonetics and phonemics. An emic t of speech acts and events must be one that is validated as meaningful via final resource to the native members of a speech community rather than via appeal to the investigator’s ingenuity or intuition alone.
5. synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant(usually, but not necessarily, the prent),as its point of obrvation. Most grammars are of this kind.
6. diachronic: study of a language is carried through the cour of its history.
7. prescriptive: the study of a language is carried through the cour of its history.
8. prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be, i.e. laying down rules for language u.
9. descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described.
10. arbitrariness: one design feature of human language, which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.
11. duality: one design feature of human language, which refers to the property of having two levels of are compod of elements of the condary. level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.
12. displacement: one design feature of human language, which means human language enable their urs to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not prent c in time and space, at the moment of communication.
游九寨沟13. phatic communion: one function of human language, which refers to the social interaction of language.
金喜善老公14. metalanguage: certain kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the analysis and description of particular studies.
角的多音字组词15. macrolinguistics: he interacting study between language and language-related disciplines such as psychology, sociology, ethnography, science of law and artificial intelligence etc. Branches of macrolinguistics include psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics, etc.
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紧急求助电话16. competence: language ur’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules.
17. performance: the actual u of language in concrete situation.
18. langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker.
影视语言19. parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utterances).
20. Articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speechsounds.
21. Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved. Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and perverative coarticulation.
22. Voicing: pronouncing a sound (usually a vowel or a voiced consonant) by vibrating the vocal cords.
23. Broad and narrow transcription: the u of a simple t of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription; the u of a simple t of symbols in transcription is called bro
ad transcription; while, the u of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription.
24. Consonant: are sound gments produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.
25. Phoneme: the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive in a particular language.文壁
26. Allophone: any of the different forms of a <th>is an allophone of /t/in English. When /t/occurs in words like step, it is unaspirated <t>.Both <th> and <t> are allophones of the phoneme /t/.
毛蚶怎么读27. Vowel: are sound gments produced without such obstruction, so no turbulence of a total stopping of the air can be perceived.
28. Manner of articulation; in the production of consonants, manner of articulation refers t
o the actual relationship between the articulators and thus the way in which the air pass through certain parts of the vocal tract.
