Materials Science and Engineering A 372(2004)
180–185
Micro-electrochemical polarization study
on 25%Cr duplex stainless steel
Chan-Jin Park a ,∗,Hyuk-Sang Kwon a ,M.M.Lohrengel b
a
Department of Material Science and Engineering,Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST),
373-1Guong-dong,Yuong-gu,Daejeon 305701,South Korea
b
Institute for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry,Heinrich-Heine University Duesldorf,Duesldorf 40225,Germany
Received 5September 2003;received in revid form 3December 2003
Abstract
Micro-electrochemical characteristics of 25%Cr duplex stainless steel (DSS)were investigated by a new electrochemical technique,a micro-droplet cell.Anodic polarization tests were carried out in pH 5.6acetate buffer solution for annealed DSS solution,for the alloy aged at 850◦C,and for the alloy aged at 475◦C.The anodic peak current density for the ferrite (␣)pha was measured to be higher at slightly lower potential compared with that for austenite (␣)pha in solution annealed DSS,suggesting that ␣was electrochemically more active than ␥,which has a lower Ni content.The polarization curve for the region where the sigma ()pha coexisted with condary austenite (␥2)pha,(+␥2),in the alloy aged at 850◦C showed two anodic current peaks,which possibly corresponded to tho for ␥2and ,respectively.The anodic peak current density and passive current density for the region of (+␥2)in the alloy aged at 850◦C were higher,and the current scattering corresponding to the initiation of metastable pitting corrosion was more evident than tho for ␣and ␥in the solution annealed alloy.This indicates that the (+␥2)region was probably electrochemically active,and thus nsitive to active dissolution.The ␥2pha containing lower contents of N,Cr,and Mo compared with the primary austenite (␥)pha as well as the Cr-depleted zone around the pha appeared to be the main cau of the degradation of the stability of the pas
sive film.An anodic current peak was also obrved in the polarization curve for the region that had experienced spinodal decomposition of ferrite pha to Fe-rich ␣pha and Cr-rich ␣ pha (␣+␣ ).The anodic current peak for the region of (␣+␣ )in the alloy aged at 475◦C was found at lower potential and the peak current density was higher than tho for primary ␣and ␥in a solution annealed alloy.The precipitation of ␣ pha induced the formation of a microscale Cr-depleted region,which is active and hence degrades the stability of passive film.©2004Elvier B.V .All rights rerved.
猜谜语大全及答案Keywords:Duplex stainless steel;Micro-droplet cell;Sigma ()pha;Alpha prime (␣ )pha;Passive film
1.Introduction
Characterization of the passive film on a metal surface is traditionally in the domain of electrochemical methods.Becau of the low lateral resolution of electrochemical stan-dard methods,however,only macroscopic averaged proper-ties could be obtained.Therefore,important texture or pha depending characteristics of polycrystalline material have rarely been investigated.Except for single crystals,which are specially controlled during solidification,most metals
∗
Corresponding author.Prent address:Stainless Steel Rearch Group,Technical Rearch Laboratories,POSCO 1,Goedong-dong,Nam-gu,Pohang 790785,Gyeongbuk,South Korea.Tel.:+82-54-220-7833;fax:+82-54-220-6915.
E-mail address:kr (C.-J.Park).consist of many grains and,sometimes,two or three phas with various crystallographic orientations or pha compo-sitions.Accordingly,the macroscopic electrochemical be-havior is simply the sum of the contributions of the different grains or phas,multiplied by their individual degree of coverage.Sometimes,some special grains or phas showing completely different properties compared with others may dominate the electrochemical respon of a macroscopic sample.
A new electrochemical device,the capillary-bad droplet cell [1,2],as shown in Fig.1,provides facilities for micro-electrochemical investigations at high resolution.Small electrolyte droplets are positioned on the sample sur-face,enabling a spatially resolved surface analysis or modi-fication.The small area of the working electrode determined by the tip size of a capillary with a diameter of 20–600m
0921-5093/$–e front matter ©2004Elvier B.V .All rights rerved.doi:10.1016/j.ma.2003.12.013
C.-J.Park et al./Materials Science and Engineering A372(2004)180–185
181
Fig.1.Typical experimental tup of a micro-droplet cell;the droplet cell contains a micro-reference electrode and a thin gold wire as a counter electrode.
enables the investigation of localized corrosion or passiva-tion of small areas within a single grain or pha.In addi-tion,the device has a smaller resolution than some special probe STM),but enables a complete range of potentio-static(or dynamic)and galvano-static(or dy-namic)techniques including impedance spectroscopy.This is accomplished by providing a convenient three-electrode system consisting of the working electrode of interest,a thin gold wire as a counter electrode(CE),and a micro-reference electrode(RE).This method has already been applied to the single grains of polycrystalline materials such as Al,Ta,Nb, Hf[3],and Zn[2],and some evidence of texture-depending characteristic of grains were found in tho materials.
In contrast to pure metals,alloys have rarely been in-vestigated using the micro-droplet cell becau of their complexity in structure and chemical composition.Duplex stainless steel(DSS)is potentially a good candidate for micro-electrochemical investigations with the droplet cell, becau this alloy is compod of an approximately equal volume fraction of ferrite(␣)and austenite(␥)pha,and, someti
mes,condary phas such as sigma()or alpha prime(␣ )pha[4–6].The excellent resistance to stress corrosion cracking(SCC)of this alloy is attributed to the synergistic effect of␣and␥[7,8].In addition,condary phas in DSS are known to degrade the corrosion resis-tance of the alloy due to nearby formation of Cr and/or Mo
depleted zones[4–6].
Thus far,single pha alloys with similar chemical com-
positions and crystal structures to tho of␣,␥orin DSS
have been ud to investigate the electrochemical behaviors
of each pha.However,the single pha alloys can con-
tain grain boundaries and inclusions,and such defects may
unexpectedly affect the experimental results.Therefore,the
optimal method is to directly measure the electrochemical
properties of a single pha or local area containingfine
precipitates while excluding the effects of other phas or
defects in DSS;the micro-droplet cell enables such an ap-
proach.
The objective of the prent work is to elucidate the in-
dividual electrochemical characteristics of␣,␥,and other
拌洋葱condary phas of duplex stainless steel using the droplet
小苏打可以发面吗cell.Solution annealed DSS is basically compod of␣and ␥,where␣is relatively richer in Cr and Mo but poorer in Ni and N than␥.This difference in chemical compositions
between␣and␥can make a difference in their electrochem-
ical behaviors.Generally,␣is considered to be more ac-
tive than␥,which has a lower Ni content.With an aging at
850◦C,the ferrite pha in DSS is decompod topha
and condary austenite(␥2)pha.Thepha has very
high contents of Cr and Mo and induces the depletion of
Cr and Mo in the region around the pha and the resultant
degradation of the stability of the passivefilm.In addition,
for the DSS aged for a long of time at475◦C,the alloy
undergoes the spinodal decomposition of ferrite pha into
a Cr-rich␣ and Fe-rich␣pha.This also can lead to the
degradation of passivefilm.The prent work,cover the
influences of each pha in DSS on the electrochemical be-
haviors and the stability of passivefilm of the alloy.
金鹰电视节
含苞欲放的意思是什么2.Experimental
The duplex stainless steel ud in the prent work was
melted in a30kW induction furnace.The alloy was cast
in shell molds,and cylindrical castings with a diameter of
27mm and height of130mm were obtained.Table1shows
the chemical composition of the casting.The castings were
homogenized for2h at1250◦C and then solution annealed
for1h at1050◦C.Aging treatment for the specimens was
additionally performed for10h at850◦C and for300h at
475◦C,respectively.The specimens were polished up to
Table1
Chemical composition of the duplex stainless steel casting
Cr24.37 Ni 6.76 Mo 1.50 W 3.23 Mn 1.19 Si0.62 N0.26
182 C.-J.Park et al./Materials Science and Engineering A 372(2004)180–185
1m surface finish,and some specimens were then etched at 5V in 10%KOH solution for metallographic obrvations.For polarization tests,polished specimens without etching were ud,since the chemical composition or roughness of the surface can be changed by the lective dissolution of alloying elements during the etching process.However,␣and ␥could be easily distinguished with optical microscopy,becau the hardness of each pha was different;thus re-sulti
ng in small differences in height at pha boundaries during mechanical polishing with diamond suspension.Potentiodynamic anodic polarization tests were carried out in a pH 5.6acetate buffer solution and in a 0.5M H 2SO 4+0.01M KSCN solution using the droplet cell.A capillary with an inner diameter of 30m (area:7.1×10−6cm 2)was ud for the measurement.The tip size of the capillary could be estimated from the plateau current in cyclic voltammograms on pure aluminum (Al)in a pH 6ac-etate buffer solution at a scan rate of 100mV/s.A plateau current of 250A corresponds to an specimen exposure area of 1cm 2.Thus,the diameter of the capillary made for the ex-periment in the prent work was obtained by measuring the plateau current in the cyclic voltammogram on a Al sample using the droplet cell equipped with the capillary and con-verting the measured plateau current to the capillary area.
3.Results
3.1.Investigation of solution annealed alloy
Fig.2shows an optical micrograph of a solution annealed alloy etched in 10%KOH solution.The dark pha indicates ferrite (␣)and the bright pha austenite (␥)in this figure.The volume fraction of ␣and ␥was approximately 50:50,and the grain size was large enough for measurement with a capillary with a diameter of 30
m.
Fig.2.Optical micrograph of solution annealed alloy etched in 10%KOH solution.
1E-8
1E-7
1E-6
1E-5
1E-4
P o t e n t i a l [V v s H g /H g O ]
Current density [A/cm 2
]
Fig.3.Polarization curves of austenite (␥)and ferrite (␣)pha in pH 5.6acetate buffer solution.
Fig.3shows the individual polarization curves for ␣and ␥in the pH 5.6acetate buffer solution.In the be
ginning of po-larization,the current values were scattered.Metastable pit-ting corrosion on surface defects such as micropores formed during solidification or inherent inclusions may have been the cau of this scattering.An anodic current peak was obrved near 500mV with increasing potential for both phas.This peak may be attributed to the active dissolution of alloying elements.For the ferrite (␣)pha,the anodic current peak was found at lower potential and the peak cur-rent density was higher than that for the austenite (␥)pha.The lower corrosion potential of ␣compared with that of ␥also confirmed that ␣was electrochemically more active.The results ari from differences in the chemical compo-sitions of each alloy;␣is relatively rich in Cr and Mo while ␥is rich in Ni and N [5,9].3.2.Investigation of σand γ2
Precipitates with a size less than 10m are too small for micro-electrochemical measurements using a droplet cell with a capillary diameter of 30m and can only be mea-sured with the surroundings;for example ␣ pha with the surrounding ferrite matrix and pha with the adjacent eu-tectoid condary austenite (␥2).
Fig.4shows an optical micrograph of an alloy aged for 10h at 850◦C.Ferrite (␣)was fully decompod to and ␥2after the aging.The dark pha indicates and the small bright pha enclod by pha is ␥2in the figure.
Polarization tests on the region where and ␥2coexisted (+␥2)were conducted in a pH 5.6acetate buffer solution using the droplet cell,and the results are shown in Fig.5.The polarization curves for ␣and ␥in the solution annealed alloy are also prented in Fig.5for comparison.In partic-ular,the polarization curve for (+␥2)showed two anodic current peaks,which appeared to be associated with the ac-tive dissolution of ␥2and ,respectively.For (+␥2),the
C.-J.Park et al./Materials Science and Engineering A 372(2004)180–185
183
Fig.4.Optical micrograph of an alloy aged for 10h at 850◦C,
etched in
10%KOH solution.
anodic peak current density and passive current density was higher,and the current scattering in the passive range was more evident than tho for ␣and ␥in the solution annealed alloy.It has been established that condary austenite (␥2)is poorer in N,Cr,and Mo compared with primary austenite,since it originates from the primary ferrite pha and Cr and Mo concentrate in neighboring pha [4].Therefore,␥2and Cr-depleted zones around the pha can degrade the stability of a pa
ssive film.The cyclic voltammograms on ␥and (+␥2)regions in 0.5M H 2SO 4+0.01M KSCN so-lution (Fig.6)confirmed that the (+␥2)region was very susceptible to active dissolution.3.3.Investigation of (α+α )
␣ Pha can form as a result of spinodal decomposition of ferrite to Fe-rich ␣and Cr-rich ␣ phas,and such phas
1E-8
1E-7
1E-6
1E-5
1E-4
P o t e n t i a l [V v s H g /H g O ]
Current density [A/cm 2
]
Fig.5.Polarization curve for the region where and ␥2coexist (+␥2)in an alloy aged for 10h at 850◦C compared with that for ␣and ␥in the solution annealed alloy,in pH 5.6acetate buffer solution.
-6
-4-20246810
C u r r e n t d e n s i t y [m A c m -2
]
Potential [V vs Hg/HgSO 4/0.5M H 2SO 4]
Fig. 6.Cyclic voltammograms of ␥and (+␥2)region in 0.5M H 2SO 4+0.01M KSCN solution.
地理怎么才能学好have a very fine size of about 10nm as shown in Fig.7.The symbol ␣in this ca may be confud with ␣indicat-ing a primary ferrite pha in other ctions.However,␣is currently ud in both cas in the literature,thus we have not changed the notation.Polarization tests were conducted on the region where the ferrite pha was decompod into ␣and ␣ (␣+␣ ).Fig.8shows the polarization curve for (␣+␣ )in an alloy aged for 300h at 475◦C,compared with that for primary ␣and ␥in a solution annealed alloy.An anodic current peak was also obrved in the polarization curve for (␣+␣ ).In addition,for the (␣+␣ )region,the anodic current peak was found at a lower potential,and the anodic peak current density and passive current density were higher than tho for primary ␣and ␥.The lower corrosion potential of (␣+␣ )region compared with than that of pri-mary ␣and ␥also confirms that the (␣+␣ )region is elec-trochemically active.The precipitation of ␣ pha induces the formation of a Cr-depleted,Fe-rich region (␣)around it,and this region degrades the stability of passive film [6].
4.Discussion
Thus far,some efforts [8,10,11]have made to investigate the individual electrochemical behaviors of each pha in DSS.In the early stage of the rearch,single pha alloys with similar chemical comp
ositions and crystal structure to tho of ␣and ␥or in DSS was ud to estimate the elec-trochemical characteristics of each pha.However,the single pha alloys contain grain boundaries and inclusions,and such defects may unexpectedly affect the experimental results.Especially,pha or grain boundary effects should be taken into account.Perren et al.[11]found the superpo-sition of the two polarization curves of the single phas (␣and ␥)in the active range to a new polarization curve of the pha boundary region,which contains a significant frac-tion of each pha,in their study using their own micro-cell.
184 C.-J.Park et al./Materials Science and Engineering A 372(2004)
180–185
Fig.7.TEM micrographs of an alloy aged for 300h at 475◦C,(a)␥+(␣+␣ )and (b)(␣+␣ ).
1E-8
1E-7
1E-6
1E-5
1E-4
P o t e n t i a l [V v s H g /H g O ]
Current density [A/cm 2
]
Fig.8.Polarization curve for the region where ferrite underwent spinodal decomposition to Fe-rich ␣and Cr-rich ␣ in an alloy aged for 300h at 475◦C,compared with that for ␣and ␥in the solution annealed alloy,in pH 5.6acetate buffer solution.
Higher fractions of one single pha in the measured area reduced the relative contribution of the other pha to the active region.In addition,it is not usual that two activation peaks corresponding to ␣and ␥,respectively,are obtained in the polarization curve on the solution annealed DSS in the works using traditional three-electrode system with a working electrode area of some cm 2.However,different ac-tivation peak position and peak current density for ␣and ␥were clearly obrved in the prent work.
5.Conclusions
1.In the polarization curve for ferrite pha,an anodic cur-rent peak was obrved at lower potential and the anodic peak current density was higher compared with tho in the curve for the austenite p
ha in solution annealed du-plex stainless steel,suggesting that ferrite was electro-chemically more active than austenite,which has a lower Ni content.
2.The polarization curve for the region where and ␥2
coexisted (+␥2)in the alloy aged at 850◦C showed two anodic current peaks,which appeared to be associated with the active dissolution of ␥2and ,respectively.For (+␥2),the anodic peak current density and passive current density were higher,and the current scattering in the passive range was more evident than tho for primary ␣and ␥in the solution annealed alloy,indicating that the (+␥2)region was electrochemically active,and thus nsitive to active dissolution.
3.An anodic current peak was also obrved in the polariza-tion curve for the region where ferrite was decompod to Fe-rich ␣and Cr-rich ␣ (␣+␣ )in the alloy aged at 475◦C.In addition,for the (␣+␣ )region,the anodic peak was found at a lower potential and the anodic peak current density and passive current density were higher than tho for primary ␣and ␥.The precipitation of ␣ pha induces the formation of a Cr-depleted,Fe-rich re-gion,and this area is not only susceptible to active disso-lution,but also degrades the stability of the passive film.
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